Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/761

KDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 663 EDWARD I. •work. At their annual meetings held in dilTerent parts of the country the soriety gives hirge space to siK'cialized and concrete discussions in the several departments. These proceedings, to- gether with those of the society as a whole, pub- lished in the Animal Reiioits, constitute the most important body of pedagogical literature in the country. In 1S02 a committee of ten was ap- jiointed to report upon the curricula of second- ary schools. This report, insisting upon gieater intensity and colierence in school w<irk, and upon the more intimate correlation of studies, exer- cised wide influence, and its conclusions were very generally adopted. Other reports exercising an influence hardly less wide were those of the i-ounnittees on elementary schools (1895), on rural schools (1897), on college entrance re- quirements (1890). on normal schools (1899), and on public libraries and public schools (1899). The active membership of the society is some ten thousand, but the annual meetings are usually attended by more than that number, the larger proportion being associate members. The meeting and exchange of opinions of teach- ers from all sections of tlie country has con- tributed largely toward unifying educational procedure and in developing an approximately even system of educational theory. Several of the leading educators of the country have taken an active interest in the association's welfare. Among these may be especially mentioned Nicho- las Murray Butler (q.v. ) an<l William T. Harris (q.v.). See History of the y'ational Educational Association of the United States (Washington, D. C, 1892) : the reports of the Committee of Fifteen, the Committee of Ten, etc.; the Proceed- ings of the Department of Superintendence of the National Council: and the annual volumes of the Proeeedinijs of the yational Educational Association (Washington, T>. C). ED'WARD, or EADWARD ( ?-925). A king of the English, known as the Elder. He was the son of Alfred the Great, and succeeded his father in October, 901, having previously dis- tinguished himself in the wars with the Danes. His cousin, Ethelwald. who disputed Edward's right of succession, was killed in battle in 905. After twenty years of fighting. Edward subdued the north as far as the Huinber, and was recog- nized as overlord by all the otlier kings in the island. Consult Green, The Conquest of Eng- land (London and New York. 1883). ED'WARD, or EADWARD fc.063-79). A king of the English, known as the ilartyr. He succeeded his father. Edgar, in 975. at the age of twelve. His succession was dis]iuted in behalf of his half-brother. Ethelred. a child of seven; but the powerful influence of Saint Dunstan decided the contest in favor of Edward. He was assas- sinated in 979. at the instigation probably of his stepmother. .-Elftlirvth. who was disai)pointed at her fnihup to gain the cniun for her son Ethelred. EDWARD, or EADWARD (c.l004-C6). King of the English from 1042 to lOfKi. known as the CoN'FEssoR. He was the elder son of Ethel- red the T'nready, and was born at Islip, in Oxfordshire, about the year 1004. On the death ot Ed>vard's father in lOlfl, followed soon after by the death of Edmund Ironside (q.v.). Ca- nute, the Dane, obtaineil possession of the throne, and, in the following year, married Emma, the mother of Edward, b' whom he had a son named llivrdicanute or Harthacanut. Until the death of Canute in 1035, Edward lived in Normandy. Then he made an inelVectual attempt to establish his authority in England, but his mother, Emma, sided with her younger son, Ilardicanute, who, on the death of Harold, his half brother, in 1040. became sole ruler of the English king- dom. Ilardicanute probably invited Edward to England, where he was honoral)ly received. On the death of Hardicanute in 1042, Edward was elected King. The person chiefly instrumental in bringing about this result was Earl Godwine, whose only daughter, Edith, or Eadgith, became Edward's wife in 1045. For a numl)er of years the reins of government were practically in the hands of Earl Godwine and his sons, who were powerful enough at times openly to imjiose their will upon the King. Edward himself showed lit- tle inclination for the aft'airs of government, and his mild disposition and ascetic temperament made him as little sensible to the attractions of worldly jiower as to the charms of his beautiful wife. His life was passed for the greater part in holy works, his most lasting monument being Westminster Abbey, which he caused to be built. He died .January 5, 1006. The honor of canon- ization, and the title of Confessor, were conferred on him in 1 Itil by Po])e Alexander 111. The whole ' of his reign is simply the record of the growth of the Norman, or court party, and its struggle with the National or Anglo-.Saxon party — for an account of which, see Godwine and H.uold. Wars with the Welsh, in 1057 and 1003. and with the Northumbrians, in 1005, were short and successful. Consult Freeman, The yorman Conquest, vol. ii. (Oxford. 1877 I ; this gives the fullest and best account of Edward's reign. See Axglo-Saxoxs. EDWARD I. (1239-1307). King of England from 1272 to 1307. He was the eldest son of Henry III. by his wife Eleanor of Provence, and was born at Westminster, .June 17-18. 1239. In 1252 his father bestowed upon him the lord- ship of Gascony, and in 1254, on his marriage to Eleanor of Castile, he received, as an additional gift from his father, Ireland and Wales, and the towns of Bristol, Stamford, and Grantham. In his early years he was surrounded by foreigners, and as guilty of many injudicious and some cruel actions. The niisgovernment of Wales by his officials led to a revolt in which the Welsh allied themselves with the Scotch. A dangerous war followed, which brought to a head the gen- eral discontent which prevailed in England over the bestowal of great offices of State upon for- eigners, and the King's subservienc.v to the see of Rome. The Provisions of Oxford (q.v.), greatly limiting the power of th^ Crown, were drawn up by Parliament, and botli Edward and his father were compelled to swear to observe them. Edward, however, used the o|)])ortunity afforded by the divisions among the nobility to |)lace himself at the head of the party of the lesser nobles, who were opposed to the great barons. War broke out in 1263. There were nuiny indecisive engagements, until Edward was taken prisoner after the battle of Lewes (1264). He escaped in ^lay. 1205, and on August 4th won a complete victory over his opponents at Evesham. ' The resistance of the barons, never- theless, dragged on until .July, 1207. The de- feated were treated with great moderation, and Edward showed by jirudence and wisdom that he