Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/919

ELIAS. 797 ELIJAH. He was appointed extra attache to the I'oreign Olliee at Calcutta in 1S74. shortly afterwards as- sistant to the British resident at Mandalay. and in 1S77 an attache to the mission at Kash-jar. Later he was variously detailed for special duty, and from 1S!H until his retirciucnt in ISllli was Consul-General for Khorasan and 8eistan. In 1SS5 lie liej;an a survey from the Chinesi- boun- dary to Ishkashim (a distance of fiOO miles). During this expedition he contributed much to tile determination of the geography of the Pamirs, and decided the Panja Kiver to be the upper course of the Oxus, or Amu-Daria. His writings include chielly papers in the journals of the Royal Asiatic Society and the Royal (ieographi- cal Society, and an English version of the tarikh- i-Rashidi of Mirza Haidar (with E. D. Ross, 1897K ELIAS LEVI'TA. See Levita, Euas. ELIE DE BEAUMONT, A'le' de bi'mox'. Jeax Baptiste Armani) Loiis LlSoxcE ( 17!)S- 1874 ) . A French geologist. He was born at Canon (Calvados), and educated at the Ecole Polytech- uique and the Ecole des Mines in Paris. In 1S23 he accompanied Dufii'noy and De Villiers on a scientific tour of England and Scotland. ^lany of the scientific observations made during this journey were embodied in the volume. Vojiaqc metallurfiiquc en Angfrterre (1827), of which Elie de Beaumont and Dufivnoy were joint authors. Elie de Beaumont was one of the found- ers of the geological survey of France, and ren- dered valuable services in the publication of maps and descriptions of the geology- of that country. He also made an exhaustive study of mountains. and it is in this connection, perhaps, that his name is best known to scientists. While his theory, that mountain ranges of the same orien- tation are contemporaneous and formed by the same causes, did not meet with general accept- ance, it was the means of attracting increased interest to this branch of geology-. In its sup- port he also collected and published much new information. In 1829 he was made professor of gcologj' at the Ecole des Mines, and in 18.35 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. On the death of Arago ( 18.53) he was selected to serve as perpetual secretary of the Academy. He was elected to membership in many foreign scien- tific societies, including the Academy of Berlin and the Royal Society of London. In 1852 he became, by decree, a Senator of France. His best- known works are Lemons de giologie pratique (1847) and yotice sur le st/stime des montagnes (18.52). E L I G I II S, e-Iij'r-us. Saist, also called Eloi. or Eloysiis (c.o88-fi50). An artist and bishop of early F'rance, the patron saint of goldsmiths. He was born near Limoges, about 588. He learned the goldsmith's trade, was introduced at the Court of Clotaire II.. and became Master of the Mint under that king and his son and successor, Dagobert I. (028- 38). Both kings trusted him with impor- tant works, among them a chair of gold, which is said to be still extant. He also made shrines. ornaments for tombs, sarcophagi, ete. Eligius was a faithful and con^cienlious servant of his masters, and showed a strong inclination to piety. He gave liberally to the poor, founded religious houses, and was active against heretics. In time he became a priest, and in (141 was made Bishop of Noyon. After setting the aflfairs of his dio- cese in order, he made a missionary visit to the heathen of Flanders and Zeeland. His life and works are in iligne, I'atrulugia Latum, Ixxxvii. ELIHU, e-ll'hu or el'i-hu. One of the speak- ers in the Book of Job. In the prose introduc- tion to his four speeches, which occupy chaps. xxxii.-xxxvii., he is said to be a son of Harachel, the Buzite. of the family of Ram. The fact that his name does not occur among the friends of Job in the (dd ])rose story preserved as a pro- logue and an epilogue to the work indicates that the section ascrilxnl to Elihu is a later supple- ment to the dialogues. This conclusion is amply sustained by the internal evidence. Though the author appears with an air of superior knowl- edge, as if a new solution of the riddle were to come from his lips, his arguments are precisely the same that have already been urged by the three friends. Even his language is reminiscent of their speeches. The most incisive and sympa- thetic criticism cannot make of the chapters a real contribution to the discussion or a work worthy of the pen of that inspired poet to whom we owe the dialogues. Only in his angelology does the author show a certain originality ; hut his views on that subject have no bearing on the great arguments of the book, and clcarh' betray his later date. The weight of scholarly opinion is strongly against the authenticity of these speeches. Such critics as have recently at- tempted their rehabilitation have been largely influenced by the manifest possibility of greatlj- improving tiie text by conjectural emendation. Consult : Dulim, Vas Bnch Hioh ( Freiburg, 1897); Biidde, Das Buck Hiob (Gottingen, 1896) ; Cheyne. '•.Job," in Kncifclopcrdiri Biblica, (London. 1899). ELI'JAH (Heb. EUyOhu. Yalnveh is God; in the Greek form, occurring in the Xew Testament, 'HX(as, Elias). A Hebrew prophet of an early type, who. however, helps to inaugurate the movement that leads to the triumph of ethical monotheism among the Hebrews. The story of Elijah is elaborately told, chiefly in connection with the reign of Ahab (I. lyings xvii.-xxi.), but also in connection with that of .Vhab's successor, Ahaziah (II. Kings i.-ii.). This narrative is probably based, as is also the story of Elisha (Elijah's successor), on sejiarate literarv sources which lay before the compiler of Kings, and which containeil a series of stories with legend- ary embellishments of the earlier prophets and seers that have been rather skillfully woven into the narrative of the kings of Israel and Judah. Elijah, whose home apjiears to have been in Gilead (though the reading I. Kings xvii. 1. is not certain), ma.v be designated as a Yahweh purist, who resented the amalgamation of the Yahweh cult with the worship of the Canaanit- isli Baalim (see B.VAL). and whose fierce opposi- tion was brought to a climax hv Ahab's readi- ness, for ])oliti<aI reasons, to introduce the cult of the Tvrian Baal into the domain of Israel. He represents the opposition to all Baal-worship brought to a fociw through the step taken by .hal) in adding to the Incal Baal culls the wor- ship of a Baal originally akin to the Canaanitish Baals, but who as the specific Baal of Tvre out- side of Hebrew domain was introduced merely as a symbol of the alliance between Israel and the Tyrian kingdom that was brought al)Out by