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ENGRAVING. 121 ENLIGHTENMENT. The most trustworthy collection of reproduc- tions of prints from metal engravings is that of Armand-Durand, issued in five folio volumes. This engraver has also published complete collec- tions .if the works of DUrer, Claude Lorrain, and other eminent masters. Other collections are The British Museum Reproduction of Prints (London, 1882 et seq.), and Hirth, Kulturgeschiehtliehes Bilderbuch aus drei Jahrhunderten (6 vols., Leip- zig, 1883-90). The prints of the eighteenth cen- tury are treated in Levvine. Bibliography of Eigh- teenth Century Art and Illustrated Books (New York, 1898) ; Portalis (ed.), Guide de I'amateur de livres » gravure du dix-huitieme siicle (5th ed., Paris, 1886). For further information, consult the authorites referred to under Etching; Japanese Art; Line-Engraving; Metal- Work ; Wood-Engrav- ing. ENGROSSING (OF. engrossir, from ML. in- grossare, to engross, from Lat. in, in + grossus, large). The crime of buying up standing corn or victuals at wholesale ( I'r. en i/rus) in order to sell them again at retail (known as regrating) in the same market at an enhanced price. It cor- responds closely to the modern practice of making a 'corner' in one of the necessaries of life. These practices were regarded as criminal in most coun- tries before the laws by which trade is regulated were properly understood. In England they were forbidden by various statutes, from t lie time of Edward VI. to that of Queen Anne. It was found, however, that engrossing was not only a statutory, but a common-law offense, and a pros- ecution for it in the latter character actually took place in the nineteenth century. The act 7 and 8 Vict., c. 24, for abolishing the offenses of fore- stalling, regrating, and engrossing was conse- quently passed. Besides declaring that the sev- eral offenses of badgering, engrossing, forestall- ing, and regrating be utterly taken away and abolished, and that no information or prosecution shall lie either at common law or by virtue of any statute, either in England, Scotland, or Ire- land, this statute also repeals a host of earlier enactments in restraint of trade, which had been omitted in the statute in the time of George III., above referred to. In the United States much litigation has arisen in recent years respecting the legality of combinations of engross- ing and monopolizing the necessaries of life. These will be considered in the articles on Combinations ; Monopoly ; Restraint of Trade ; and Trusts. See also Contract; Forestalling; Regrating. Consult the commentaries of Black- stone, Stephen, and Kent, and the authorities re- ferred to under Criminal Law and Political Economy. The term also denotes the writing of a statute or other legal instrument en gros, or in a fair, round hand. It is, in the United States., often applied to the final and official draught of a statute as it is presented to the President or to a governor for his signature. ENGTJINEGATTE. See Guinegate. ENHARMONIC (from Gk. ivapnoviKh, en- armonikos, in harmony, from iv, en, in + apfwvia, harmonia, harmony, from dp/w5s, harmos, a join- ing, from tipciv, arein, to be about to join). In music, a term denoting a difference in the degrees, but not in the pitch or tones, Cf and Dfc. F# and Gb. Correctly speaking, there is or ought to be a difference; but on keyed instruments, such as the organ and pianoforte, then can be none, as the same key serves for both sharps and fiats, while with a just equal temperament the ear i no way offended. An enharmonic change, as from t ; to I >[?, or vice versa, is often of practical value to the musician, enabling him, for instance, to avoid writing in a key containing an unwieldj number of sharps or Hats. (2) In Greek music a tef raehord of w hich t he first two steps were quar- ter slips and the third a major third: c, ejf, f, a. ENHTJBER, en'hoo-ber, Karl von (1811-07). A German painter, lie was born at llof, Bavaria, and was educated at the Munich Academy. His pictures are distinguished by a keen sense of humor and admirably portray German folk life. They are carefully executed both in drawing and coloring. His best works include: "Tyrolese in Mountain Pass" (1836); "Shoemaker Studying Water-Cure" (1837); "Image Carver" (1839); "Shoemaker's Apprentice" (1844, National Gal- lery, Berlin); "Court Day in Bavaria" (1800, Darmstadt Gallery) ; "Wood Carver in His Shop" (New Pinakothek, Munich). The thirteen illus- trations to Melchior Aleyr's tales, Erziihlwngen aus dem Ries, arc skillful characterizations of Swabian peasant life. E'NID. The wife of Geraint, and a model of marital devotion. She appears in the Erec «»'/ Enide of Chrestien de Troves, and in Tennyson's Idylls of the King. ENKHUIZEN, enk'hoi-zen. A seaport of the Netherlands, in the Province of North Holland, situated on the western shore of the Zuyder Zee. about 37 miles northeast of Amsterdam (Map: Netherlands, D 2). Its most important public- building is an elegant town-house with a lofty tower. In the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- turies it was a very important commercial centre. It had a population of upward of 40,000 and sent a fleet of 400 vessels to the herring fisheries. The town was the birthplace of the painter Paul Potter. Population, in 1899, 7039. ENLIGHTENMENT, Philosophy of the. A term applied to the more popular philosophy of the eighteenth century because of its protest against superstition and its attempt to establish all accepted belief and all rules of practical life upon insight. The term is thus a very compre- hensive one. including the empiricism and deism of the English thought of the eighteenth century, the empiricism and sensualism of the French thought, and the rationalism of the German thought. It was characterized largely by indi- vidualism (q.v. ). This was due to the revolt against all trammels placed by social prejudice upon free thought. The movement began in the seventeenth century with Locke in England, with Pierre Bayle in France, and with Leibnitz in Ger- many. But such men as Hume, the English dei>ts. Voltaire, Rousseau. Condillae, the encyclopa'di-ts, Reimarus, Mendelssohn, Eberhard, and Lessing are usually referred to under this title, repre- sented in German by Aufklarung and in French by Eclaircissement. Thomas Paine in his Age of Reason and Benjamin Franklin are the best- known American representatives of this type of thought. Sometimes the age of the Greek so- phists is called 'the Greek enlightenment,' on account of its similarity in spirit to the modern period referred to. Greek sophistry in its best