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EULENSPIEGEL. 270 EUMENIDES. of his pranks was written in 1483 and printed in 1519 in a High German version, probably by Thomas Muraer ( q.v. ) . It has often been edited, best by Lappenberg (1854.). It was soon ren- dered into Czech, Polish, Italian, Danish, French, Latin, and intc English under the title Howle- Glass. It has been adapted for modern German readers by Simrock ( 1878 ) . Its universal popu- larity is a striking witness to the general de- based taste that prevailed at this period. It was afterwards adapted by both Reformers and Catholics to their purposes. Fischart (q.v.) is- sued a metrical version in 1571. Modern imita- tions are: B8ttger. Till Eulenspiegel : Modernes Heldengedicht (1850); and Wolff, Till Eulen- spiegel Redivivus (1875). A modern English edi- tion, elaborately illustrated, appeared in 18G0, and a translation by Mackenzie in 1S90. Consult Roscoe, German Novelists (London, 1S80). EULER, oi'lr-r, Leonhard (1707-83). A Swiss mathematician, one of the most remarkable of his century. He was born at Basel. Euler was sent to the University of Basel so early and was so proficient in his work that he received the master's degree at the age of sixteen. He studied mathematics under Johann Bernoulli at Basel, and also studied theology, the Oriental languages, and medicine. In the course of his physiological researches he wrote a treatise on the nature and propagation of sound, and he also wrote an essay on the masting of ships, which received a prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1727. In that year Euler went to Saint Petersburg upon the invitation of Catharine I., and became an associate of the Academy of Sciences. In 1730 lie was made professor of physics, and in 1733 professor of higher mathematics. In 1740 he became inspector of the geographical depart- ment, and in the following year was called to Berlin by Frederick II. to take the chair of mathematics in the Academy of Sciences, from which he was not long afterwards advanced to the position of director of the mathematical class. In 176G he was called back to Saint Peters- burg, where he remained until his death. Euler lost one eye as the result of a severe illness in 1735, and soon after his return to Russia in 1766 he lost the use of the other. This did not, however, hinder his mental activity, and he contributed extensively to the science of mathe- matics until the day of his death. Tlic number no less than the value of Eider's mathematical writings was very great. He wrote, aside from his separate treatises. 473 memoirs published during his life. 200 published soon after his death, and 61 others of which the pub- lication was undertaken by 1'. II. and N. Fuss in 1849. Of bis more important treatises, (lie fol- lowing may be mentioned: Mechanica sir, tfotus Scientia Analytice Exposita i 1736; 2d ed. 1712) ; Tentamen Nova Theories fusicw (1739); Einlei- tung in <li' Lrithmetik (17421 ; If ethodus Inveni- rmli Lineas Curvas Maximi tfinimive Proprietate Gaudentes (1744): Theoria )tdtuwn Planetarum et Cometarwm (1744; German edition 1781); Opuscule Varii Argumenii (3vols., 1746-51) : '.'■ iluiil.i a mil den l':h in, ill, n der Korper (1716): Lettres A une princi sse d' LIU magne sur quelques ets ii<' physique et de philosophic (1768-72; M ed I i iiiiM.it. 1842; German edition, siutt- gart, 1853 ; English edition. New York, 1833). Mi texl bool were relatively less important; thej include the following: Introduotio in Lnaly- sin Infinitorum (1748; French edition 1796-97; German edition, 1785-90); Institutiones Calculi Differentialis (1755; 2d ed. 1804; German edi- tion 1790-98); Institution's Calculi Integrate (3 vols., 1768-70; 3d ed., 4 vols., 1824-45; Ger- man edition, 4 vols., 1828-40) ; Anleitung zur Algebra (1771; 3d ed. 1821; French edition 1770; 2d ed. 1795, and Paris, 1807; American edition 1818, 2d ed. 1821); Dioptrica (3 vols., 1769-71); Theoria Motuum Luna- Nova Methodo Pertractata (1772); Opuscula Analytica (1783- 85). For biography of Euler, consult: Con- dorcet, Eloge, in Euler's Institutiones Calculi Differentialis, and in bis Lettres a une princesse d'Allemagne ; also Fuss, Correspondance mathc- matique et physique (Saint Petersburg, 1343). EUM-ffi'US (Lat., from Gk.ES/tows, Eumaios). The faithful swineherd in the Odyssey, who recognizes Odysseus on his return and aids him in destroying the suitors. EUMENES, u'me-nez (Lat., from Gk. Eii/^njs) (c. 360-316 B.C.). A capable general of Alexander the (heat, born at Cardia, in Thrace. He was private secretary of Philip of Macedon, and, alter Philip's death, of Alexander, under whom he was also commander of the cavalry. On the death of Alexander, Eumenes became Governor of Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and the seacoast of Pontus as far as Trapezus. With Perdiceas as an ally, he defeated Craterus, Neoptolemus, and Antipater in B.C. 321. In the next year he was himself defeated by Antigonus, and retreated to Nora, on the borders of Lyeaonia and Cap- padocia, where he withstood a long blockade ( B.C. 320-319). He was finally betrayed into the hands of Antigonus, by whose orders he was put to death (B.C. 316). With the death of Eumenes there came to an end the last effort to hold to- gether the Macedonian Empire for the rightful heirs of Alexander the Great. EUMENES II. (?-B.c. 159). King of Per- gamuin, and a son of Attains 1. He began his reign in B.C. 197 and was a faithful ally of the Pinna ns in their war against Antioehus the Great. lie contributed largely to the victory at Magnesia (B.C. 190) and received, in recognition of his services, the provinces of Mysia, Lydia, ami Phrygia; so that he became one of the must powerful rulers in Asia. By his political sagac- ity in continuing friendly to Rome, he greatly increased the political prestige of his realm, and his rule was marked by peace and prosperity. He was a liberal patron of the arts and sciences, and attracted many scholars to his Court. He completed the magnificent altar at Pergamum, and established a library which is said to have rivaled thai of Alexandria. He ruled until B.O, 159. and was succeeded by bis brother, Attalus II. EUMENIDES, u-men'i-dez (Lat.. from Gk. T£vnevl8(s, tin- gracious ones, from e8, eu, well + ixhm, minus, mind). The euphemistic mil 'I tile Erinyes. Their Latin name was furia or dirw. Mentioned by the earliest poets, they play a pniminenl part in the writings of the tragedians. They are representatives of die mighty powers who punish those who offend against the unwritten laws of con- duct. Their home is in the lower world, hut their power extends into this life, and thej hunt the sinner to his ruin. In the epic they punish perjury, homicide, and such sins in the household as neglect of parents and ill heat