Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/415

EXILE. soiling; and the accused was at liberty to an- ticipate an unfavorable result of a trial by going into voluntary exile. This voluntary exile did not arise as a substitute for punishment at home, hut from the fact that the interdict was a sur- vival of a ruder form of justice in which the Slate merely outlawed the criminal and left, him to the private vengeance of the injured parlies, which he escaped by fleeing to the protection of foreign lands whither the State had no reason to pursue him. Loss of civic rights therefore, did not follow voluntary exile unless the exile was declared to be deserved, or the interdiction was subsequently pronounced, or the refugee be- came a citizen of a foreign State. Confiscation of property took place only in extreme cases. Some- times the interdict was pronounced for political purposes, as in the case of Cicero. Originally it was pronounced by the Comitia Centuriata, and later by the judicial commissions appointed to try offenses. Direct expulsion was first practiced under the Empire under the names of drportatio and relc- i/nlio. Deportatio was a form of banishment to a specified locality (usually an island) involving less of civic rights and usually forfeiture of prop- erty; relegatio was a milder form which did not affect the rights of the man as a citizen. Among modern nations exile survives as a punishment in the form of transportation to penal colonies or settlements, as in the case of the former penal colonies of Australia and Tasmania (Van Die- man's Land) of Great Britain, and the Siberian colonies of Russia (see Australia; Tasmania; Siberia) ; but with the increase of civilization this form of punishment is being abandoned. The right of an alien to demand and receive protection for his person and property in the country where he resides has always received general recognition, among civilized nations, and aliens who are refugees from punishment for political crimes or mala prohibita and not mala in se are not among the classes included in the treaties for extradition now commonly ex- isting between civilized nations. This pro- ted ion. however, is territorial only and extends solely to those aliens within the boundary of the State, unlike the protection to citizens which the State affords at all times and places. Such a refugee is amenable to the laws of the country where he resides, and may there be punished for any acts there committed by him which are crimes by the law of that land: but the fact that he is an accomplice in plots against his native country with others there is rarely considered a reason for surrendering him upon demand, except when the demand is made by a superior power which will not brook a refusal. For further information consult such related articles as Alien; Extradition; Punishment: Banish- ment; Transportation, Penal; and consult the authorities referred to under Alien; Extradi- tion; Punishment; International Law, etc. EX'INE (from Lat. ex, out). In plants, the outer one of the two layers of a spore-wall, the inner one being called the inline. The exine is the protective layer, being comparatively thick and impervious, and often developing a rough surface or appendages of various kinds. It is often called the exospore. See Spore. EX'MOOR. A former forest, but now a moor- land region, 30 square miles in area, in the west 367 EXNER. of Somersetshire and northeast of Devonshire (Map: England,C5). It consists of dark ranges of bilk, deep wooded glens, ami lonely valleys. Its highest point is Dunkerj Beacon, 1707 feet above Bca level. It is the sole remaining habitat of the wild red deer of England, and is known for distinctive breeds of sheep and ponies. It lias iron and copper mines, and i graphically and romantically described in Blackmore's / Doom . EXMOUTH, eks'mutb (AS. Exam /»«|ia, mouth of the Exe). A seaport, market-town, and watering-place of Devonshire, England, on the English Channel, al the mouth of the Kxe, 10 miles southeast of Exeter (Map: England, C G). It is picturesquely situated on a hill rising from the sandy estuary of the Kxe. and is noted tor its mild climate. Tin- Woodbury hills, 800 feet high, protect it from the east winds. It is an attrac- tive little town, with a good beach for bathing, a fine sea-wall, handsome terraces ami prome- nades, assembly-rooms, libraries, and the usual attributes of a watering-place. New docks were opened in 1809. Its chief industries are lace- making and fisheries. Population, in 1001, 10.500. The town is of considerable antiquity. Here Sweyn, the Dane, landed in 1003. It was taken by the Boyalists in 1040. EXMOUTH, Edward Pellew, Viscount (17o7- 1833). An English admiral. He was born at Dover, of a Cornish family. He was educated at the Truro Grammar School, and entered the navy at thirteen years of age. When only nine- teen he showed conspicuous gallantry, after his superior officers had been severely wounded, by saving his vessel in the battle of Lake Champlain, October 11, 1770. In command of a naval bri- gade, he took part in Burgoyne's campaign in the following year. In 1782 he attained the rank of post captain, and in 1793 he captured the C'lcopatre, a French frigate. For this victory he was knighted. In 179!), in command of the ImpHueux, he harassed the French coast and won several brilliant actions. In the same year his personal influence and bravery quelled i la- mutiny in Bantry Bay. and saved the British fleet to the country. In 1804 Sir Edward Pellew was advanced to the rank of rear-admiral of the red ; in 1808 to that of vice-admiral of the blue, and in 1814 was created Baron Exmouth of Canon- teign, Devonshire. In 1810 he went to Algiers with a fleet of sixteen vessels to enforce the abo- lition of Christian slavery, and the liberation of all Christian slaves. Three thousand Christians, mostly Spaniards and Italians, were freed and conveyed to their respective countries. Exmouth received the thanks of Parliament on his return to England, and was promoted to the rank of viscount. In 1821 he retired from public service. Consult Osier, Life of Admiral Viscount Exmouth (London, 1844). EXTtfER, Karl (1842—). An Austrian phys- icist. He was born at Prague, and was educat- ed at Vienna and Zurich. In ISM.'i he became president of the Chemico-Physical Society in Vienna, and in 1892 he was appointed lecturer at the university, [lis publications include: Ueber die Frauenhoferschen Ringe ( 1877) ; ' eber das Funlrrhi ,l,r Stmir (1881): Vrhrr Ttriifiiingsi i scheinungen (1885); Ueber die polarisierende Wirkung dcr LicMbeugung (1890-92).