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FACULTY. 121 FAED. into a lower or receptive faculty of sense, and a higher or active faculty of understanding. II ii clear that a psychology based on these principles of classification can never pass the bounds of superficial description. It makes no effort to analyze mental processes; and the powers or functions which it discriminates have n<i biological or genetic sanction. Moreover, there is always the danger that a classificatory term, such us 'memory,' shall be raised to the rank of an explanatory principle, substantialized or hypostatized; in which case superficiality is changed to serious error. It does no harm to group together all the facts of remembering and forgetting, under a general class-term 'memory;' such grouping may, indeed, be useful, as serving In bring all the relevant facts before the psycholo- gist's attention. But if we go further, and pro- ceed to account for a given fact of remembering by appeal to the mind's power of memory, we have involved ourselves in a vicious circle. It is one of Herbart's great merits that (1) by insisting on the need of starting psychological investigation from the given facts and not from possibilities which the facts are supposed to realize, and (2) by emphasizing the abstract and purely classifi- catory nature of the faculty concepts, he removed a powerful and growing abuse, and paved the way for the more rigorous and scientific methods of modern psychology. The service is all the great- er, since 'popular' psychology is, in the nature of things, a faculty psychology, and the doctrines of the latter are therefore peculiarly insidious. Consult: Herbart, Werke, ed. by von Kehrbach (Leipzig. 1882); Wundt. Physiologische Psycho- logic (Leipzig. 1893); Titchener, Experimental Psychology (New York, 1901). FACULTY (of a university). See Univer- sity. FACULTY OF ADVOCATES. See Advo- cates, Faculty of. FADETTE, fa Met'. La Petite (Fr., the little Fadette). An idyllic romance by George Sand (1848), named from its heroine, a precocious child, who is sought by two lovers. FADEYEFF, fa-da'yef, Rastislav Ardreye- vitch (1824-84). A Russian soldier and mili- tary author. He was educated at the artillery school in Saint Petersburg, and at the age of sixteen entered the army that served in the Caucasus. He subsequently participated in the war in Asiatic Turkey, was present at the siege of Sebastopol, and in 1864 was pro- moted to the rank of major-general. In conse- quence of a Panslavistic publication, entitled The Military Power of Russia (1868; German trans, by Eckardt, 1870). in which he demanded the an- nihilation of Austria, and expressed sentiments strongly antagonistic to Germany and favorable to France, he was compelled to resign his com- mission in 1871. He was subsequently sent on mis- sions to Egypt (1875), and Servia and Montene- gro (1877), where be participated in the siege of Antivari. In 1881 General IgnatiefF gave him an appointment in the administrative depart- ment of the press at Saint Petersburg. His pub- lications in the Russian language, which are widely known, comprise: Sixty Years of War in the Caucasus (1860); Opinion on the Eastern Question (Engl, transl. by T. Mitchell. 1871; also transl. into German) : and Letters on the Present state of Russia (1881). His collected works were published at Saint Petersburg in 1890 I - vols., with a biography) . FADLADEEN, fad'la-dSn'. The self-con ceited grand chamberlain of Aurungzeb'f in Moore's Lalla Rookhj a shrewd and infallible authority on everything "from the mixture of a conserve of rose-leaves to the composition of an epic poem." His criticisms on the tales told to Lalla Rookh by the young King in disguise are the cause of an amusing situation when the poet 's i'lcnl ity is disclosed, FAD'LADIN'IDA. The free : mannered wife of Sling Chrononhotonthologos in Henry Carey's burlesque of t hat name | 1734) . FAECES, fc'sfv. ( Lat. fcex, dreg-.). Excrements, the waste material evacuated from the bowels, consisting of undigested fond, indigestible parts of food, bile, mucus, and certain other matters taken from the blood by the liver and other glands. In birds, reptiles, and fishes, in the Monotremata order of mammals, and in many lower animals, urine is also mixed with the ficces before they leave the body. The faces of the horse, cow, and hen are commonly spoken of as manure, and used as a fertilizer. The excre- ment of wild birds, collected in great quantities on islands where they propagate, is called guano (q.v.). Human excrement, after being prepared by a patented process, is called poudrette. which is also used as a fertilizer. The composition of human faeces is shown in the following table: Water Organic remains Biliar.v and nitrogenous matter Albumen Extractives Salta 73.3 T.ll U.9 I). '.I ■2.7 1.2 FAED, fad, John (1819-1902). A Scottish painter, born at Burley Mill, in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, where his father was an engineer and millwright. When hardly entered on his teens, he was in the habit of making tour- through the villages of Galloway, painting min- iatures. In 1S41 lie came to Edinburgh, where he found much appreciation. Both he and his brother Thomas continued the work of David Wilkie (q.v.), painting the interesting genre subjects so pleasing to the general public, Ice- cause they are poetic and literary rather than artistic. He became a member of the Scottish Academy in 1851. Among his chief works are: "The Cruel Sisters" (1851), "Shakespeare and His Contemporaries," "The Cotter's Saturday Night" (1854), "Catherine Seyton" I 1864), "The Soldier's Return," "The Old Style," "Tarn o' Shanter," "Haddon Hall of Old." "The Stirrup Cup" (1867), "John Anderson. My Jo" i L869), "The Gamekeeper's Daughter," and "The Hiring Fair." In 1849 he removed to London, where he resided till 1S80, when lie retired to Gatehouse, Scotland. His more recent pictures were land- scapes. He died in London, October 22. 1902. FAED, Thomas (1826-1900). A Scottish genre and historical painter. He was born at Burley Mill, and was a brother of John Faed, from whom he derived his first instruction. He also studied under Sir William Allen and Thomas Duncan at the Edinburgh Academy. In 1849 he became an associate of the Royal Scottish Acad-