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FAHLMANN. 424 FAIENCE. Esthonian language. He collected and edited the material constituting the Knleriade or Kali I i- poeg i "The Son of Kalev"), which was published after the death of Fahlmann by Kreutzwald (1857-61). FAHNE, fii'nc, Anton (1805-83). A German jurist and historian. He was born at Miinster, and was educated at Bonn and Berlin. He wrote many special histories of bishoprics, cities, and noble families which contributed valuable de- tails to the history of Westphalia and the Rhine District. These works include: Forschungen aus il, in Gebiei der rheinischen und ivestfiilischen Geschichte (1864-75); Denkmale rind Ahnenta- 1,1,1 in Rheinland und Westfalen (1879-83); and the interesting book on Livonia, entitled Lirland. Ein Beitrag zur Kirchen- und Sitt 'en geschichte (1875). FAHRENHEIT, fa'ren-hit, Gabriel Daniel (1CS6-173G). A German physicist, who made several important improvements in the ther- mometer. He was born in Danzig. His inclina- tion for scientific research induced him to give up mercantile pursuits, and, having traveled through Germany and England, he settled in Holland, becoming a manufacturer of meteoro- ieal instruments. In 1720 he first conceived the idea of using mercury instead of alcohol in the construction of themometers, by means of which the accuracy of the instrument was very much improved. He also devised the scale of graduating the thermometers known by his name, and discovered that other liquids besides water had a fixed boiling-point, and that the boiling- point varied with a change in the pressure of the atmosphere. (See Thermometer.) In 1724 Fahrenheit was elected a fellow of the Royal So- ciety of London, and the Philosophical Transac- tions of that year contain several papers by him on physical subjects. FAIDER, fa'der, Charles Jean Baptiste Florent ( 1811-93). A Belgian jurist and states- man, born at Tiie-t. lb- was admitted to the bar in 1832. in 1844 became Advocate-General in Brussels, ami in 1851 Advocate-General in the Court of Cassation. From 1852 to 1855 he was Minister of Justice. He published an Histoire des institutions politigues de la Belgique (1874), and other valuable works. FAIDHERBE. fa'darb', Louis Leon Cesar ( 1818-89 l . A French soldier. He began his mili- tary career in Algeria in 1844; was a captain in Guadeloupe in 1848 and in Algeria in 1851- 52; and in 1854 was made Governor-General of the I'reneh possessions in Senegal, where he re- organized the Government and extended the ! tench territory. To do this be was compelled to wage a war of extermination against the Prophet El-Hadji Omar, who bad funned the project "f driving out all foreigners and founding an im- mense Mohan dan empire in Central friea. A satisfactory treaty was made with Omar in 1803. In the war with Germany, Paidhetrbe was intrusted by Gambetta with the command of the rniv of tin North, but was defeated by von Goeben at Bapaume and at Saint Quentin. In 1 h7 1 be was a membei oi the National Assembly. He was the author of valuable works on th >og raphy, anthropology, and philology of Senegal and Algeria, Among them may be mentioned Instructions sur I'anthropologie de I'Algerie (1874). Consult Brunei, he Giniral Faidherbe (Paris, 1890). FAIENCE, fa'aws' (Fr. from It. faen a, faience, for porcellana di Faenza, earthenware of Faenza, a city of Italy, where the ware is said to have been invented). Properly an earth- enware of coarse fabric, covered with an opaque enamel upon which decoration may be applied in verifiable paint, and fired. The proc- ess of manufacture includes three wholly distinct operations, the molding and firing of the original clay, often not more delicate than a cheap flower- pot; the covering with enamel, which is often done by mere dipping, and the firing of this; and finally the decoration, which is often of the great- est refinement in the way of delicate flower pat- terns and even figure subjects. It appears, then, that the famous majolica (q.v.) is a variety of faience in the English sense ; while stoneware, long known as faience Henri Deux and later as ice Saint Porchaire (q.v.), is not properly faience in the English sense; while stoneware, porcelain, and all wares that are not covered all over with a thick enamel, including those deco- rated with slip, and all the varieties of Greek vases and Japanese hard, yellow pottery with crackled glaze, are excluded from this branch of ceramic ware. On the other hand, tiles and bricks, of which the surface is intended to be shown as covered with an opaque material upon which alone the painting is applied, as in the monuments of the early Persian kingdoms, in many of those of Egypt, and in the splendid tiles which sheathe and iine the walls of mosques in Cairo and Damascus, are faience in the strictest sense. The wares to which the term is most com- monly applied in the language of student* of pottery are the French pieces of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. These are especially the manufacture of Rouen, which as early as 1520 was turning out tiles of great beauty, including frequently painting in figure subjects and in those curiously emblematic com- positions which were the delight of designers of that time. These wares were sometimes plain white and blue, and are then of extreme beauty, not closely copied from Chinese originals, like the delft pieces which are named below, but de- signed with great freshness and novelty in the spirit of the French Renaissance, but bold and graceful. At. a later time deep red was intro- duced, -o that the three color-, red. blue, and white, were somewhat easily balanced in the com- position, which was in a few cases relieved by gold. These pieces were made for table use even in tile wealthiest families, and during the wars of Louis XIV.'s reign, when it became fashionable to sen.l silverware to the mint, splendid services were made for the royal establishment at Ver- sailles and for the nobles of the Court. The ex- clusive taste for this ware disappeared at the time of the discovery of what is called soft porcelain at the close of the eighteenth century; hut the factories flourished down to the end of the eighteenth century, and left their traces in the peasant potteries of the Cevennes and the south. In the mountain regions of Italy verj interesting faience is still made by village pot- ters on good "hi lines of decoration. tine of these famous wares is that of Never* which is marked by a much freer use of land