Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/551

FEBRIFUGE. 499 FEBVRE. before the nature of infection was understood, ami before il was understood that a certain amount of fever is necessary In the completion „)■ the chemical process by which oxidation of poisonous products is accomplished. zm febrifuges arc aconite, antipyrin, acetanilid, phenacetin, and sweet spirit of nitre Some of Hi, -i arc absolutely dangerous in certain fevers, •is in the rise of temperature of pneumonia. (,)uinine is an etlicicnl febrifuge in mam In typhoid fever (q.v.) and in pneumonia (q.v.) Bold water is an excellent febrifuge; in t he for- mer disease the cold bath is the most important pari of the treatment. FEBRO'NIANISM. In theology, a system of doctrine antagonistic to the admitted claims of the Roman pontiff, and asserting the indepen- dence of national churches and the rights of individual bishops in matters of local discipline Bad Church government — in other words. Gal- licauisin. (Sec GAIXICAN Church.) The name is derived from the nom-de-plume, 'Justinus Fehronius,' assumed by Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim (q.v.), Coadjutor Bishop of Treves. in a work on these subjects, which led to a vio- lent and protracted controversy. FEBRUARY. See Month. FEBRUARY REVOLUTION, The. The (evolution of 1848, which brought about the down- fall of the duly Monarchy in France. The imme- diate cause was the political contest against the Giiizot Ministry. (See Guizot.) Its far-reaching results were probably entirely unexpected to all concerned. The agitation leading to the Revolu- tion began in 1847. when the more radical fac- tions held banquets in which a propaganda was carried on for the lowering of the tax-paying qualification for voting, which at this time was 200 francs. Gradually at these banquets the usual royal toasts disappeared, and finally, on February 21-22. 1848, the Government forbade a great reform banquet in Paris. The people were aroused by this arbitrary act of the Ministry, and by the following day the Revolution had become an accomplished fact. Barricades sprang up everywhere in Paris; the workingmen armed themselves, and Guizot was dismissed. It seemed as if the last measure would end the disturbance ; but a small riot created the impression that the Government was dissembling, and matters became worse than before. In vain Louis Philippe abdi- cated in favor of his grandson, the Count of Paris. Nothing would satisfy the populace of Paris now but a republic ; and the King, losing heart, fled (February 24th ) . A Provisional Gov- ernment was formed, in which the leaders were Arago, Cremieux, Blanc, and others. One party wished merely a republic, but the others demanded that a social revolution follow the political one. and the latter carried the day. On February 26th a decree was adopted, as follows: "The Govern- ment of the French Republic undertakes to guarantee the existence of the workman by labor and to provide labor for all citizens." and on the following day national workshops were actu- ally established. Laborers from all over France thronged to Paris, and the Government soon found itself burdened with the support of an army of 100,000 men for whom it could find no work. On May 4th a National Assembly of 900 members was convened and intrusted the government to an Executive Committee of five members, which in its turn was to appoint the Ministers. In this ( iin-i iiuent As lemblj i ii' mi i sttive Re publicans obtained control. Ibis led to viol demonstrations mi the pari of the e'xtremi lie la. l.,i'i i here was an unsuccessful rising under Barbfes, Blanqui and others, having for its i i he dissolution "i t he A semblj , closing of the national workshop on Jurn was followed i', a bloody insurrection, June 24- n the course of which more than 1000 work- men pei ished he ba rricades Chi et >ly on November 4th adopted a constitution for Frai I here wa - to be a Pres ident elected for a tei m four years, an i slal ive chamber of 750 membra rhe election was in December, 1848, ami the candidates for the Presidency were Ledru Rollin ( Socialist i . ( lavaignac (Conset and Louis Napolemi. (See Napoleoh III.) The latter carried the election; for the charm of the Great Napoleon's name was on the increase in France, now thai the glories of his reign were remembered, and the evils l< bten. By electing the head oi the [mpenalist Party, the country virtually decreed the downfall of the Second Republic. See France. In other countries of Europe the French Revo- lution also had a marked effect. Throughout the whole Continent the cause of popular liberty had been suffering from the policy of Metternich (q.v.), and the news from Paris proved to be the impetus necessary to arouse the people. Espe- cially was this true of Germany and Austria, in the former country an attempt was made to carry out the union, which had been hoped for in 1815; but though a parliament assembled at Frankfort 184S-49, it produced no lasting results. In some of the individual States, notably Prussia, con- stitutions were obtained, which never again dis- appeared entirely. In Austria Metternich was overthrown, and for a long time Austrian suprem- acy in Italy and Hungary was seriously menaced. See Germany: Prussia: Atjsteia-Htjngaky ; Italy. Consult: Stein, Geschiclite der sosialen Bewegung in Frankreich (Leipzig. 1850) ; Haym, Die D< utsche a / ionalver&ammlvng (3 vols., Ber- lin, 1848-50). FEB'RUUS. The name of an old Italian di- vinity. His worship was celebrated with lustra- tions' during the month of February, this giving him his name, from februare, to purify. The ceremonies instituted in his honor were believed to have the effect of producing fertility in man and beast. Februus was also worshiped as a god of the lower world by the Romans, and identified with the Greek Pluto. FEBVRE, fc'vr', Alexandre Frederic (1835 — ) . A French comedian, after 1867 a member of the Comedie Franchise. He was born in Paris, and was a musician till he was called above the footlights to fill, it is said, an accidental vacancy. He played for a time in Havre, then in Paris, chiefly ' at the Ambigu, Beaumarchais. Porte- Saint-Martin. Gaiete. Odeon. and Vaudeville the- atres. At the Odeon, especially, he created rSles in Daniel Lambert and Li rochi r de 8y- siphe. Having won a reputation, he made, in 1866, his dfbut at the national theatre, as Phi- lippe II. in Don Juan d'An'riche. His most fre- quent successes were in modern comedy, among his creations being roles in L'6trangere, 1,'atni Fritz, Daniel Rochat, Les corbeaux, Le roi s'amuse, end Wargo. In 1804 he made a tour of