(1571); Affenteurliche und ungeheuerliche Geschichtschrift . . . von Gargantua und Pantagruel (1575); the coarsely comic parody of the animal-epic, Flöhhatz, Weibertratz (1574); the anti-clerical Bienenkorb des heiligen römischen Imenschwarms (1579, suggested by the Bynencorf of the Dutch Marnix); Der heilige Brotkorb (1580), an imitation of Calvin's Traité des reliques: Das vierhörnige Jesuiterhütlein (1580); the genially comic Das glückhafft Schiff von Zürich (1576). Consult studies of Fischart by Wackernagel (Basel, 1874), Wendeler (Halle, 1879), and Besson (Paris, 1889).
FISCHBACH, fĭsh′bäG, Friedrich (1839—). A German pattern-designer, born at Aix-la-Chapelle. He was educated at Cologne and at the Academy of Design in Berlin, and in 1862 went to Vienna, where he prepared drawings for the collection of pattern-designs in the Austrian Museum. In 1870 he was appointed teacher of ornamentation at the Royal Academy in Hanau. He was director of the newly organized Industrial Art School at Saint Gall from 1883 to 1888. Several societies for the advancement of industrial art were established by him; and he was influential in establishing the independence of Germany in the field of pattern-drawing. His collection of antique fabrics and embroideries was acquired by the school at Saint Gall. His principal literary works include: Ornamente der Gewebe (with 160 colored plates, 1874-81); Geschichte der Textilkunst (1883); Südslavische Ornamente (2d ed. 1872); Album für Stickerei (130 patterns, printed in gold and colors, 4th ed. 1872); Neue Muster für Stickerei und Hükelarbeiten (3 series, 1880-83); Stickereimuster (4 parts, 1888); Häkelvorlagen (1889); Weissstickereivorlagen (1892).
FISCHER, fĭsh′ẽr, Emil (1852—). A German chemist, born at Euskirchen. He studied at Strassburg, and in 1879 was made professor extraordinary at the University of Munich. Three years later he was appointed full professor of chemistry at Erlangen, and in 1885 was invited to take a similar position at Würzburg. When, on the death of the celebrated A. W. Hofmann, the chair of organic chemistry at the University of Berlin became vacant, Fischer was appointed to fill the vacancy (1892). His most important achievement was the synthetic production of the simple sugars and the complete demonstration of their chemical constitution. Although he did not succeed in synthesizing ordinary cane-sugar and the more complex carbohydrates (such as cellulose and starch), his researches have thrown much light on their chemical constitution and have thus paved the way for future success. His Anleitung zur Darstellung organischer Präparate (5th ed. 1896) is well known to every student of organic chemistry. In 1902 he received the Nobel prize for distinguished research in chemistry.
FISCHER, Gustav Adolf (1848-86). A German African explorer, born at Barmen. In 1876 he accompanied the Denhardt East African Exploring Expedition to Zanzibar, and in the following year explored Witu and the Southern Galla country. In 1878 he continued his journey to Wapokomoland and along the Tana River to Massa. With the support of the Geographical Society of Hamburg he visited the Massai country in 1882, and penetrated from the mouth of the Pagani to Lake Naivasha. Equipped with funds by the brother of Junker, an explorer, who, with Emin Pasha and Casati, had been lost in the equatorial provinces, he organized a relief expedition, which, however, was compelled to return after reaching Lake Victoria Nyanza. Shortly after his arrival in Germany in 1886, he died of a bilious fever contracted during this journey.
FISCHER, Jean Chrétien (c.1716-62). A German soldier in the French service. He was a leader of the partisans in the French Army during the war of the Austrian Succession. In 1743 he was authorized by the Marshal de Belle-Isle to raise a company, which was called Fischer's chasseurs, the origin of that branch in the French Army. He distinguished himself in the Seven Years' War; was made brigadier for his bravery at Arloff (1759); added to his fame at Clostercamp (1760); resigned his command to the Marquis de Conflans (1761), but still fought in his old troop with the rank of a lieutenant-colonel.
FISCHER, Johann (c.1650-1721). A German composer, born in Suabia. He was kapellmeister to the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and later to the Margrave of Schwedt. He wrote various collections of songs, the most important being one of fifty French songs, and one of madrigals and German songs.
FISCHER, Johann Georg (1816-97). A German poet, born at Gross-Süssen, Württemberg. He taught at Langenau, Ulm, and Stuttgart, and in 1860 was appointed professor at the high school in the latter city. As a poet, Fischer may be regarded as the last noteworthy representative of the traditional Suabian School. He was not in sympathy with modern naturalism, and was influenced chiefly by the poetry of his countryman Schiller, although several of his productions suggest the influence of Goethe, Hölderlin, and Mörike. He was in the fullest sense a poet of Nature, whose every mood he portrays in his verses. Scarcely less meritorious are his love poems, of which he composed a great number, and which also are animated by an enthusiastic personification and idealization of Nature in the widest sense. Fischer has been called by his admirers “Der schwabische Frauenlob.” Among his principal productions are the following: Gedichte (3d ed. 1883); Aus frischer Luft (2d ed. 1873); Neue Gedichte (1891); Saul, a drama (1862); Friedrich der Zweite von Hohenstaufen, a drama (1863); Kaiser Maximilian von Mexiko, a drama (1868).
FISCHER, Kuno (1824—). A noted German philosopher and literary critic. He was born at Sandewalde, Silesia, studied at the universities of Leipzig and Halle, in 1850 became a lecturer at Heidelberg, and when his lectureship had been withdrawn in 1853 by direction of the Bavarian Ministry, continued researches at Heidelberg, and was in 1856 appointed a lecturer at Berlin. He had, however, a short time previously accepted the chair of philosophy at Jena, and continued to occupy it until 1872, when he was called to that of philosophy (to succeed Zeller) and modern German literature at Heidelberg. He achieved high distinction as both academic lecturer and author. His philosophical viewpoint is, with some modifications, Hegelian. His chief work is the Geschichte der neuern Philosophie (a new edition in
