FONSECA LIMA E SILVA. 79] FONTAINEBLEAU. FONSECA LIMA E SILVA, I. '.,,.- :, sAl'va, .Man. H i. i. (1793 L862). A South American soldier, born at Rio de Janeiro. He entered the Portuguese Army in Brazil, joined the movement for the independence oi the c t ry, and was i missioned lieutenant-colonel and appointed Lord ( lhamberlain to i he Empei oi Pedro I . h was promoted to be brigadier, and in 1831, when Pedro I. was compelled to abdicate, identified himself with the Liberals. He was appointed Minister of War in 1831, and again in 1835; Acting Minister of the Navj in 1835-36, and Minister of the Interior in 1836-37. In became general and commander-in-chief of the army. FONT (Lat. fans, fountain; probably con- nected ultimately with fundere, 6k xetv, chevn, (loth, gmtan, AS. geotan, OHG. giozwn, Gei giessen, Ski. /<». to pour). The vessel used in churches us the repository of the baptismal water. In the earlj Christian period, while immersion continued to lie the ordinary form of the administration of the sacrament of tisin, the baptistery (q.v.), or other place set apart for the ceremony, was furnished with a basin sufficiently capacious to admit of the ad ministration of the rite. I'.iit when it became customary to baptize by pouring the water on the head of the person to be baptized, (lie size of the basin was naturally diminished, and eventu- ally it assumed the dimensions and the form which are now familiar to us in mosi of the mcdia'val churches in Great Britain and upon the Continent, thus doing away with the neces- sity for a separate building to contain it. The earliest traditional example of a baptismal font, is the great porphyry basin in the baptistery of Constantine in Rome, supposed since the early Middle Ages to have been that in which the Emperor was baptized. The baptismal font in its original form, as found in early baptisteries from the fourth to the tentli century, consists of a large basin, usually of octagonal form, with three steps, set below the pavement of the build- ing, like the piscina of the Roman baths, and surrounded by a high veil (see BAPTISTERY). During the Romanesque period a radical change took place. The basin was raised above the floor-level, and instead of being built up, was usually hollowed out of a single block of marble, the exterior surface, between three and four feet high, being carved with appropriate religious subjects in relief. The North European schools were famous for their large bronze fonts, pre- eminent among which are those of Lambert Patras for Saint Bartholomew at Liege and for the Cathedral of Merseburg. Such fonts aver- aged from eight to twelve feet in diameter. The fonts for baptism by affusion are smaller basins, raised on a base. They are of varying form: square, octagonal, cylindrical, hexagonal, the in- terior bowl being always round, and seldom ex- ceeding two feet in diameter. The bowl was sup- ported usually by a heavy cylindrical shaft, often flanked by four or more minor shafts, sometimes by a square pier. As the Gothic period advanced, fonts became of decreasing importance and size, and of simpler decoration. In the Roman Catholic Church the service of Holy Saturday contains a solemn form for the blessing of the water to be used in baptism. After
- > series of prayers, and amid a very imposing cere-
monial, the 'ehl, d also thi o-ca lied 'oil ol dhumerj . i he bap( i "huh is ■ . illi a view In ih. water t hi served porous stone, i an early dale it fui ed with a lid, which and i- often "1 a highly ornamental character. The ordinary plao ai i he western end ear ( he ent .'a oce ol < he church but ii i rate chapel. oi at leas! in a compart mint screened ofl I purpose. Evi in 1 he "pen nave it is properly inclosed bj a rail. Consult: Paley, Illustration o) Bapi > mai I I I ondon, l s 1 1 i ; Simpson, Sfi rics of A idon, I 8 1 1 1 : Coi )-. meni iiu baptemi i Paris, 1882) . FONTAINE, Ion'i i,n'. i a 1515-89). A French poet. He was horn in Paris, but lived m Lyon for thi >aj of his life. Devoted to I try from his boyl 1. his flrsl published work of any importance was /.. Qvintil lh ( 1551 ), wherein with conservative enthusiasm he opposed the una e axh anced * boo! ol | oet ing the 'I'l' iade.' His other published worl / . s ruisst an r d( /'•<» taim i ranslal ion of 1 "unii et um •/"»<• '.'""■ rfi 1 556 I ; /. des sept sages (1557); "> ■ " - ei ■ /" gram mes i 1 557 ) . FONTAINE, .Ii.a.n in la. See La Fc Jl s.N DE. FONTAINE, I'li.iuu. FBANgOIS LfiOKABD (1762 is.",:!). A French architect. When young, he went to Home, where his connection with Percier began, which lasted for many years. After their return to Paris thej becami leon's architects, restored the Cmperial chateaux and palace, i Sa int -( 'loud. Versailles, < on | Louvre, Tuileries), and built the Carrousel Arch of Triumph. The partnership having been dissolved on the fall of Napoleon, Fon- taine remained Court architect under Louis XVIII., Charles X., and Louis Philippe. He published a number of architect oral hook-, with Perciei and alone. FONTAINEBLEAU, foVtan'hh/. Th ital of an arrondissement in the Department of Seine-et-Marne, France, beautifully situated in the midst of an extensive forest, near tl hank of the Seine, 35 miles southeast of Paris (Map: France, -I 3). The Forest of I'ontaine- bleau, covering an area of 64 square miles, is re- nowned for it- beauty, and i- regarded as one of the mosi picturesque forests of franco, 'there arc two hospitals, a library, a theatre, and a monument to President I arnot Grapes, famous for their line quality, are largely cultivated: in and earthenware are manufai Population, in 1901, I I. loo Fontainebleau is i hiefly famous for it- chl or pleasure palace, of the kings of Fri -aid to have been originally founded bj Robert the Pious toward the end of the tenth century. li was rebuilt in the twelfth centurj bj Louis VII., of whom, and of Philip Augustus, it was a favorite residence and bunting seal. It was enlarged by Louis IX. and his succes old castle was razed ill 1527 by Francis I., who planned a pleasure palace less grim, and
