Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/162

GRANVELLA. 138 GRAPE. death of (he elder Criuivella. As one of the shrewdest diidoiiints probably of his time, he par- ticipated in the negotiations leadinj; to the Peace of I'assau (IS.'j'i), and was instrumental in hriniz- ing about the marriage of Philip 11. with Jlary of England. In 155!) he was made chief minister to Margaret of Parma, Kcgent of the Nether- lands, and became in turn Archbishop of Mechlin and cardinal. As a stranger, and a churchman, who represented the rigorous absolutism of the Spanish Court. (Jranvella succeeded in arousing the bitter hatred of the Flemings. Margaret of Parma, A'illiam of Orange, the Counts Hoorn and Egniont united in demanding the removal of the unpopular minister, and finally, in 1504. Gran- vella was recalled at his own request. He took up his residence at Besancon and occupied his leisure in literary and scientific studies. He subsequently acted as Spanish representative at the Papal Court, and brought about the formation of the Holy League against the Turks by Venice, tlie Pope, and Philip 11., Avhose united fleets crushed the Ottoman sea power at Lepanto ( 1 571 ) . After holding the post of Viceroy of Naples for some time he was made in 1575 head of the Spanish Council of State, and in this capacity forwarded the incorporation of Portugal with Spain. In 1584 he became Archbishop of Besangon. He died at Madrid. September 21, 1586. A portion of his public and private p.apers has been edited by Weiss, I'apicrs d'etat du Cardinal Granvella (9 vols., Pons, 1841-01), and Poullet and Piot, Correspoiidaiice du Cardinal Granvella, J565-86 (9 vols.. Brussels, 1878-92). GRANVILLE, graN'vel'. A seaport town at the mouth of the Bosq, on the English Channel, in the Department of Manche, France, 28 miles southeast of the island of Jersey, with which it has regular steamship communication (Map: France, E 3 ) . The town consists of an upper and a lower part built on a promontory, sur- mounted by a citadel. The parish church of Notre Dame is an interesting fifteenth-century Gothic edifice. The tidal harbor is well shel- tered, has extensive piers, and a good trade in building-stone, oysters. fi.sh, and oil is carried on. Granville is a popular summer and sea-bathing resort. It dates from an English fort built early in the fifteenth century, which the French cap- tured in 1450; in 1641 the French again took the fortifications, which the English had built the year previously. In 1695 and in 1808 it was bombarded by the English, and in 1703 was al- most totally destroyed by the Vendean troops. Population,' in lOOl', 11,667. GRAN'VILLE. A village in Licking County, Ohio, miles west of Newark, on Raccoon Creek and on the Toledo and Ohio Central Railroad (Map: Ohio, F 5). It is the seat of Shepardson College for Women, and of Denison LTniversitv (q.v.). Population, in 1890, 1366; in 1900, 1425. GRANVILLE, second Earl, George Leveson- GowER (1815-91). An English statesman. The eldest son of the first Earl, he was born in ]Iayfair. London. May 11, 1815. He was educated at Eton and Oxford : in 1836 was attache to his father in the Embassy to France; in the same year entered Parliament, and was re- elected in 1837. He graduated B.A. in 1839. In the Commons he was a Liberal and free-trader. He became a peeT in 1846, vice-president of the Board of Trade in 1848, and went into the Cabinet in 1851, at the close of that year succeeding Palmerston in the Foreign Ollice. He retired with the Russell Ministrv. He was president of the Council, 1852-54, 1855-58, 1859-66, Secretary of State for the Colonies 1808-70, and Secretary for Foreign Affairs 1870-74. During^ Glad- stone's temporary retirement (1878-80), Lord Granville acted as leader of the Lilierals. When Gladstone became Premier again, in 1880, Lord Granville once more was made Secretary of State for Foreign Afi'airs, going out of ollice with Gladstone in 1885. In 1886 he became Secretary for the Colonies. The chief events of his career were the establishment of Afghanistan as a neu- tral zone between Indiii and Russia, the partici- pation of England in the Berlin Congress, and the suppression of Arabi Pasha's Egyptian revolt. He was a firm supporter of Irish Home Rule. He died March 31, 1891. Lord Granville was esteemed by men of all parties for his urbanity and unfailing tact. GRANVILLE, .John Carteret. A British statesman ( liJ'JO-1703) . See Carteret, John. GRAPE ( from OF. grape, cluster, from OHG. cra/ilio, Ger. Krapfen, hook). The fruit of any species of the genus Vitis, also, in the United States and Canada, any plant of this genus. In other English-speaking countries the plant is designated the 'vine.' Grapes grow wild in Egypt, Arabia. Turkey in Asia, and in the Mediterranean countries of Europe; more than twenty siiecics are found in America, from Canada to Florida and westward. The cultivated vines of Europe and the Orient all belong to the single species Vitis vinifc7'a. The cultivation of the grape and the making of wine are of the most remote antiquity, as ap- pears from the Scripture history of Noah, and from many passages of the most ancient authors, for example, Vergil and Columella, who both gave instructions in vine cultivation. The myth- ological fable of the marches of Bacchus relates to the extension of the culture of the vine from Asia into Europe. The vine was probably intro- duced into the south of France and into Italy by the Phocteans, about B.C. 600, and its cultiva- tion was early coextensive with civilization in all the Mediterranean regions. In Italy so much of the land was occupied by vineyards that the Emperor Domitian, fearing a scarcity of grain, issued a restrictive or prohibitory edict A.D. 81, which remained in force long afterwards through fear that an abundance of fine wine might tempt the barbarians of the north to invade the country. The vine was introduced into England by the Romans. After the Norman Conquest the vineyards which seem to have ex- isted in the south and southwest soon disap- peared, having had only occasional successful successors imtil the nineteenth century, when vine culture in gardens and on walls mainly for fresh fruit increased in this region. The vine does not, in ordinary .seasons, ripen its fruit well in Great Britain farther north than Yorkshire, although grapes have occasionally ripened in the open air in Scotland. On the Coiitineht the cultivation of the vine for wine ia an important industry as far north as Coblenz, on the Rhine: but in some countries, particularly in Greece and the Ionian Islands, the product of the vineyards is converted into raisins. By