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GREENLAND. 252 GREEN MONKEY. cally a Mank in history for upward of 200 years. Expeditions sent out by Denmark after 1579 to redeem the colony accomplished nothing. About that epoch, liowever. English explorers — Frobish- er, Davis. Baliin. Hudson, and others — discovered various portions of the coast. It was not till after 16,50 that Dutch whalers frequented the east coast. In 1721 a Xorwegian missionary, Hans Egedc, with the support of the Danish Government, made a settlement at Godthaab on the west coast, and began to introduce Christianity anew among the Eskimo. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the Danes have acquired control of that uninhabited portion of Greenland which extends from Angn:agsalik on the east coast round Cape Farewell to Tcssuisak on the west coast. Danish settlements, particularly Godhavn, were the last stopping-places of the English expeditions on the way to discover the northwest passage in the early part of the nineteenth century, and were well known to civilization through the rejiorts of these explorers. The region above Jlelville Bay was explored by John Ross in ISIS and by Ingle- field in 1852: but the geogi-aphical knowledge concerning this region is mainly due to Ameri- cans : Kane, Hayes. Hall, Grecly, and Peary. One English expedition has passed beyond Cape York since the days of Inglefield — the British Admiral- ty expedition under Nares in 1875-76. The knowledge of Kane Basin and Kennedy Channel is due to Kane and Hayes, and the knowledge of the straits and bays above them as far as the Arctic Ocean is due to Hall. Nares's expedition traced the northest coast of Greenland as far as Cape Britannica. Lockwood and Brainerd, of the Greely expedition, pushed farther along the northwestern coast-line to 83° 24'. Pearj' (1801- 92) demonstrated that Greenland is an island and not a continent, as had been previously sup- posed, and that an archipelago lies beyond it to the north : he also reached at the northern end of this archipelago, in 1901. what is probably the most northerly land in the world (83° 39'). Several persons have attempted to cross the ice cap which covers the entire interior region of Greenland — among them. Xordenskjold. Peary, and Nansen : but only Xansen and Peary have succeeded. In 1888. following closely plans laid before the world by Peary in 1886, Xansen made the first crossing of Greenland from Gyldenliive Fjord on the east coast to Godthaab. Peary has three times crossed the northern portion of Green- land from Whale Sound to Independence Bay, 1892, 1894. and 1895. The east coast has been examined by various explorers, most important among thon : Scoresby, Graah, Holm, Ryder. Koldeway (who discovered Franz .Josef Fjord and the magnificent Cape Bismarck X. lati- tude), and Amdrup. Between Cape Bismarck and Independence Bay (82° 37') this coast is unknown. Bini.Tor.RAPHT. Egede. Description of Green- land (London. 1745) ; Crantz. Historii of Green- land (London. 1820) : Graah. Expedition to East Greenland (London, 1837) : Inglefield. Summer Seareh for Sir John Franl-lin (London. 1853) ; Kane. Aretic Explorations (Philadelphia. IS.ifi) ; Hayes, The Land of Desolation (London. 1871) : Manual of the yntural Historji. Geolo(jji. and Physics of Greenland and Adjacent Tfefiions (London, 1875), a scientific work prepared by the Royal Society, Arctic Committee; Davis, Hall's yorfh Polar Expedition (Washington, 1876); Kink, Danish Greenland (London, 1877) ; the im- portant series, Meddelesler om Gronlund (16 vols., Copenhagen, 1879-95), of which Wandel, X^orman, and Holm, Greenland East Coast and Juliunehaab Ruine, vol. vi. ; Warming, Greenland ^'egetation, vol. xii.; Lauridsen, Bibliographica Grecnlandica, vol. xiii.. are of special value; Baflin, The Voi/ages of W. Baffin, 16J.2-22, edited by Jlarkham ( London, 1881 ) ; Heer, Flora Fos- silia Oriinlandica (7 vols.. Zurich, 1882-83) ; Greely, Three Years of Arctic Service (Xew York, 188G) ; Xordenskjold, Gronland (Leipzig, 1886) ; Xansen, First Crossing of Greenland (London, 1880) ; Peary, Northward Over the Great Jce (New York, 1898) ; Greely, Handbook of Arctic Discoveries (Boston, 1896). GREENLEAE, Simon (1783-1853). An American jini-t. He was born in Xewburyport, ilass. ; began the practice of law in JIaine in 1800. and on the establishment of its Supreme Court in 1820 became reporter. He was chosen professor of law in Harvard in 1833, but re- signed in 1848 and was made professor emeritus. His most important work. A Treatise on the Law of Evidence (1842-53), has passed through fifteen editions. He also published: Origin and Princi- ples of Freemasonry (1820), and Examination of the Testimony of the Four Evangelists by the Rules of Evidence as Administered in Courts of Justice, with an Account of the Trial of Jesus (1846). GREENXET. See Vikeo. GREEN MANURING. The very old and widely employed practice of growing crops to improve the soil by plowing them under, usually while green. It is especially popular in temper- ate regions. Two classes of plants are used for green manuring: those that are capable of thriv- ing in the surface soil on a limited supply of plant food, which is thus saved from loss by washing or leaching; and those that gather plant food from both the air and the subsoil and are thus able to increase the fertility of the surface soil. To the first class belong rye, biuckwheat, rape, etc. ; to the second the leguminous plants. The le- guminous plants are peculiarly adapted to green manuring because they have the power to as- si ilate through their root tubercles the free nitrogen of the air, and thus enrich the soil by the added stores of this valuable fertilizing constituent. At the same time they send down long roots into the subsoil, and draw up supplies of plant food to the surface which would other- wise be unavailable to ordinary crops. Green manures increase the available plant food in soils not only by the stores gathered from the air and the subsoil, but by their decomposition they set free plant food already in the soil, and which would otherwise be unavailable. They also improve the physical properties of the soil by the humus they form when they decay. Among the most important leguminous green- manuring crops are red clover, crimson clover, cowpeas." and soja beans, but there are many others which are specially adapted to the pur- pose in particular regions. See also MANtJBES AND ;MANiRiNr, : Soil; Clo^-er. GREEN MONKEY. A West African monkey (Cereopithcciis callitriehus) . It is one of the guenons, closely allied to the grivet, and about the size of a cat. As it is numerous in its