captured it in large numbers with nets. The constant use of soft food has deprived this species of an effective gizzard, and it never feeds upon the grain of the farmers who have invaded its district. Its plumage is dense and soft, the prevalent color yellowish brown, which is beautifully mottled and varied with darker tints. The tail, of 20 feathers, is very long, and much graduated. On each side of the neck is a large bare space, capable, when the bird struts, of being inflated into a hemispherical sac. The female is smaller and of less showy plumage than the male and is destitute of the neck-sacs.
Wood-Grouse. The remaining species of American grouse are denizens of forests. A very widely distributed form is the Canada grouse or ‘spruce-partridge’ (Canace Canadensis), a Western variety of which is called Franklin's grouse or ‘fool hen.’ It is plentiful throughout the forests of Canada, from Maine to Alaska, and when disturbed takes refuge in trees, whence a flock may be shot, one by one, without scaring the others away. In winter it feeds mainly on the leaves and young sprouts of the spruce, which taint its flesh. Its plumage is distinctly barred above with plumbeous and black; beneath it is black, with a white border to the throat and white across the breast and on the sides. The females show a duller mixture of yellowish orange, gray, and black. The eastern and western (Franklin's) varieties may be distinguished by their tails: that of the former is rounded and tipped with rufous, while that of the latter is nearly even, black to the tip, and has the upper tail-coverts (see Bird) broadly tipped with pure white. A Siberian grouse (Canace falcipennis) is closely allied to this. A still larger Western wood-grouse is the ‘blue,’ ‘dusky,’ or ‘pine’ grouse (Dendragapus obscurus). It approaches the capercaillie in size, and may be regarded as the American analogue of the blackcock. Its general color is blackish brown; the wings are lighter and the tail large, rounded, and composed of eighteen or twenty feathers. They keep in the coniferous forests for the most part, and occur throughout the mountain regions from Colorado to central California and northward. For the Arctic grouse (Lagopus), see Ptarmigan.
Bibliography. Standard works of ornithology and field sports. The fullest general account of American grouse is contained in Coues, Birds of the Northwest (Washington, 1874). Consult also: Leffingwell (and others), Shooting on Upland, Marsh, and Stream (Chicago, 1890); Sandys and others, Upland Game Birds (New York, 1902); Lloyd, Game Birds and Wildfowl of Sweden and Norway (London, 1867); Morris, British Game Birds (London, 1891). See Plate of Grouse.
GROUSE'S DAY, Saint. An English sporting term, used of the twelfth of August, when the shooting season opens.
GROUSSET, gro͞o′sā̇′, Paschal (1844—). A French politician and author, born at Corte in Corsica. He studied medicine in Paris, but immediately took up journalism, wrote scientific articles for L'Etendard and Le Figaro under the name ‘Docteur Blasius,’ and began to write fiction luider the pseudonym ‘Léopold Virey.’ He joined Henri de Rochefort in the management of La Marseillaise in 1869, and in January, 1870, quarreled with Prince Pierre Bonaparte and sent two seconds to answer his challenge. One of these, Victor Noir, was killed by the Prince. This deepened Grousset's opposition to the Empire, and he attacked it bitterly in La Marseillaise, and was condemned to heavy fines and repeated imprisonments. He took part in the insurrection of March, 1871, was elected a member of the Comumne, and took charge of foreign affairs; but on his attempt to leave Paris in June was arrested and deported to New Caledonia. He escaped with Rochefort and others (1874), went to England, acted as London correspondent of Le Temps, under the name ‘Philippe Daryl,’ and returned to Paris in 1881. Defeated in the elections of that year, he was chosen Deputy in 1893 and reëlected in 1898. His works include: The political sketches, Le bilan de l'année 1868 (1869), La conspiration du général Malet (1869), and Les origines d'une dynastie, le coup d'état de Brumaire an VIII. (1869), as well as the autobiographic Les condamnés politiques en Nouvelle Caledonie (with Jourde, 1876); notes of travel and life abroad, La vie partout (1884-88); Scènes de la vie de collège dans tous les pays (1881-91); translations of Stevenson's Treasure Island and of Mayne Reid's novels; and L'héritier de Robinson (1884); L'épave du Cynthia (with Jules Verne, 1885); Le capitaine Trafalgar (1886); Le secret du mage (1890); and Atlantis (1896). ‘Tiburce Moray’ is another of Grousset's pseudonyms.
GROVE, Sir George (1820-1900). An English engineer and musical critic, born at Clapham. After studying at the grammar school there he was articled to Alexander Gordon; worked at Napier's factory in Glasgow; was employed in the building of Morant Point Lighthouse in Jamaica (1841), and of Gibb's Hill Light in Bermuda (1845); and then worked on the Britannia Tubular Bridge over Menai Strait. In 1850 he was secretary to the Society of Arts, but resigned this post (1852) to become secretary of the Crystal Palace. Here he first made an effort to educate English musical taste, especially for Beethoven and the Romantic German School. In 1867 he traveled to Vienna with Arthur Sullivan and discovered the part-books of Schubert's music to Rosamunde. His abilities as a critic of music brought him into connection with the Macmillans. He was editor of their magazine from 1868 to 1883, and of the valuable Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1879-89), and wrote Beethoven and His Nine Symphonies (1896). For twelve years he was director of the Royal College of Music. He was knighted in 1883 and made Commander of the Bath in 1894. His work in biblical geography was also important. He wrote many articles for Smith's Dictionary of the Bible (London, 1864); assisted Stanley in his Sinai and Palestine (New York, 1865); and was influential in the promotion of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Consult Graves, The Life of Sir George Grove (London, 1901).
GROVE, Sir William Robert (1811-96) . An English physicist, born at Swansea. He graduated at Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1832; was called to the bar in 1835, and began the practice of law, but left it for the study of physics. He was professor of experimental philosophy in the London Institution from 1840 to 1847, was a member for some time of the council of the Royal Society, and in 1847 received the Royal Medal for a paper on “The Gas Voltaic Battery.” Returning
