Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/449

GUY OF liTJSIGNAN, 31)9 GTJYON. ealeiii. He was the son of Hitjio VUl. of Lusi- giiaii, the liead of that family in Poitou. During a journey to the Holy Land he niarricil Sibylhi, the daughter of Aniaury. King of Jerusalem (J 180), and beeanie King himsidf upon the death in IISG of Sibylla's son, Baldwin '.. by her first husband, the Alarquis of ilontferrat. In a war which ensued with Saladin, he was defeated and taken prisoner at the battle of Tiberias (1187), and was obliged to give u]) his kingdom. He was not kept long in captivity, and resumed opera- tions against the lloslems. laying siege to Acre in 1189. He made over his rights to Jemsalem to Richard I. of England, who gave him in pay- ment the island of Cyprus (1192). His four .sons were killed *t the siege of Acre, so he was suc- ceeded l)y liis brother, Amaury, Count of Jafla. One of Amaury's descendants married Catarina Cornaro, through whom Cyprus became a part of the Repidilic of Venice (1489). GUY OF WARWICK, wor'ik. The hero of a po|iular English legend. Guy is represented as the son of Siward of Wallingford. Becoming page to Rohand. Earl of Warwick, he falls in love with the Earl's daughter, named Felice, who de- clines to marry him until he has proved his knighthood. To this end he makes two expedi- tions to the Continent, going as far east as Con- stantinople. He returns to England, .slays a dragon, marries Felice, and departs for the Holy Land. Returning to England just at' the time when Athelstan is besieged by the Danes at Win- chester, he slays in single combat Colbrand, a terrible giant in the Danish Army. He retires t(j a hermit's cell, where he dies. Scholars have attempted to find at the basis of the legend some historical incident. The fight between Ciuy and the giant has been doubtfully identified with the 'cattle of Brunanburh ( 937 ) between Athelstan and Anlaf the Dane. While this is hardly more than conjecture, it is generally agreed that the legend rests upon English traditions of the tenth and eleventh centuries. It was given literary form by an Anglo-Norman poet of the twelfth century, and from French it jiassed into English (fourteenth century). From that time on. the story, implicitly believed in all its details, was extremely popular, as is indicated by several Middle English versions. It was printed by Wil- liam Copland (middle of the sixteenth century) ; versified incidents from it were recited by min- strels: it was dramatized by Day and Dekkcr in collaboration: and, reduced to a chap-book, it cir- culated widely tliroughout the eighteenth cen- tury. Consult: Zupitza. Zur lAtlerntiirqefichichte del (liif/ ron Warwick (Vienna. 1873) : ^MSS. of the Middle English versions edited by him for the Early English Text Society (London, 1875- 7(); 1883-92) : and l^peciilum fnifi dp Wareicyke. edited by Morrill for the same soeietv (London. 1898). GTJYON, ge'oN', Jeanne Marie Bouvier de LA MoTTK- (1648-1717). A French writer on mystical subjects. She was born of noble parents at Montargis, April 13, 1648. She wished to en- ter a convent, but her parents prevailed upon her when not quite' sixteen to marry .Tacques de la Motte-Guyon. the son of the wealthy contractor who constructed the Canal of Rriari?. for which he was ennobled. 'St. Guyon was twenty-two years her senior, and at first had no symj)athy with his wife's extreme religious tendencies. Before his death in 1676 he learned to appre- ciate her goodness. A widow at twenty-eight with live children, she devoted herself to their education for several years. Later she moved to Paris, where, as an attractive wealth}' widoWj she had many suitors. About 16S0, after settling most of her fortune on her children, she went to Geneva for religious work. At this time she fell into melancholic depression, from which her sjjiritual director, I'&re Lacombe, aroused her. -Madame (iuyon followed in licr director's footsteps, and wrote a tiliort and l.'nsi/ Mclliod of Prayer (revised translati<m, London. 1902), be- sides eonuncntaries on the Scri|)tures, which brought her under ecclesiastical censure. While protesting submission, she continued to write and teach as before. Her life after this is a series of persecutions for her religious ideas. She was accused of laying too much stress on faith and the (juictude of contem])lation rather than good works in the Christian life. Shut u]) by a royal order in the Convent of the Visitation (1688), she was set free by the infiuence of iladame de ilainlenon, and through her obtained entrance into the highest circles of the French nobility. Feneion, convinced of her personal goodness, al- lowed himself to be led into a fal.se position in her defense. (See F£nelon.) Polities became a factor in her condenuiation and the severity of her sentence. For a time Madame Giiyon was confined in the Bastille, but her virtuous char- acter was acknowledged by the assembly of the French clergy in 1700. She was released from prison, however, only in 1702, and then was banished. She passed the rest of her life in re- tirement at Blois, where she died June 7, 1717, professing absolute faith in the Roman Catholic Church and its dogmas. Her life has attracted attention partly because of Fenelon's interest in her. and partly because of her persecution by the Church authorities. Frequent allusions in her autobiography would seem to indicate certain manifestations in her case of what would now be called subconscious personality. The impu- tations made against her moral character in her relations to P6re Lacombe are nndonbtedlj' groundless. Consult: (Euvrcs spiritiieUes de Mine. Guyon (42 vols., Cologne, 1713-22) ; Guerrier, Mme. fiuyon, sa rie, sa doctrine, son influence (Paris, 1881); Ui)ham. Life, /iV/if/ZoH.? Opinions and Ej'perirnrrs of Mnie. (luyon ( Xew 'V'ork, 1870). For her spiritual life, the best work to consult is La rie de Mine. ./. M. B. de la Motte Guyon ccrite par rUc-mvine (3 vols., Cologne, 1720). This was ])robably not eonqiosed by herself as it now exists, but is a compilation of documents left by her. The most complete translation is Autohiofirapin/ of Madame Guyon (2 vols.. Saint Louis, 1807). There is a Reeueil de poesies ■'spiri- hielles 15 vols., Amsterdam, 1689). Some of these have been translated by the English poet Cowper. GUYON, gf'on. RiciiARn Deesaifre (lS13-.ifi). A general in the Hungarian Army in the Revolu- tion of 1848-49. He was born at Wolcott. near Bath, in England. After fighting against Dom Aliguel in Portugal. Guyon entered the .Austrian service in 1832. and was among the first to offer his services to the Hungarian Government in 1S48. He took part in the battles of Sehweehat (October 30, 1848) and Tvrnau (Decendier