HANOI. 534 HANOVER. and the houses good, many of theni being of brick and well built. Since coming under French con- trol the part nearest the waler-l'riint lias been mucli improved; new wide streets lined with trees have been opened, lighted with electricity, riiey have been given French names, and in this part the principal shops and hotels are found. French missionaries have long resided here, and a two-towered cathedral is a con- spicuous feature of the landscape. In the mid- dle of this newer part of the city is a small island, with some quaint pagodas; and on the shore of Grand Lake, in the neighborhood of the city, is a Buddhist t( mplc with a colossal bronze figure of Buddha. In the space near the water-front is a bronze statue of Paul Bert, unveiled July 14, 1900. Hanoi was fortified by French officers at the beginning of the nine- teenth century, but the defenses are now of little importance. The citadel, which stands on higher ground than the rest of the cit_v, is a quadrilateral of 3U00 feet to a side, and is sur- rounded by a wall and a deep moat. Within this inelosure are the palace, the royal pagoda, public offices and oflicial residences, the treasury, court of justice, barracks, arsenals, magazines, etc. The principal trade is in silk and rice, and is largely in the hands of the Chinese, and embroid- ery and pearl-work form important industries. The Songkoi is navigable at all seasons as far as Hanoi by vessels drawing eight or nine feet. Above that point the river is shallow, and there are many rapids, but llat-bottomed vessels draw- ing not more than three and one-half feet can ascend quite a distance. Haiphong (q.v.) is the port of Hanoi, which is connected with it by rail as well as with Langson on the Chinese frontier. Several French newspapers are published in Hanoi, and a new racecourse was opened there in 1890. The population in 1897 was 102,000: of whom 950 were Europeans and 1697 Chinese. HANOTATJX, a'ni'to', Gabriel (1853—). A French historian and politician, born at Beaure- voir, Aisne. From being a specialist in paleogra- phy and modern history, he pa.ssed into the civil service (1879), as director of the historical de- partment in the national archives, and became in 1881 sub-chief of Gambetta's Cabinet, and later chief of that of .Jules Ferry. In 1885 he was Counselor of Legation at Constantinople, and the following year he was elected Deputy for Aisne. He served in the Chamber till 1887. and was mainly conspicuous for his opposition to Boulan- ger. He was appointed Director in the Ministry of Forei.gn Affairs in 1892, and in May. 1894, be- came Jlinister of Foreign Ailairs in the Dupuy Cabinet, remaining in office through several changes of Premiership, till October. 1895. In the Jleline Ministry (189(i-98) he again held the portfolio of Foreign Affairs. In 1897 he was elected to the Academy. Among his published works are: Les villes retrouvces: Thebes, Ninive, Babt/Ione, Troie, Carthage, Pompei, Hetculanum (1880); Originca dc Vinstitution dcs intmtdants des provinces (1884) : Henri Martin, sa ine, ses (rurres, son temps (1885); Etudes historiques siir le XVIhne et le XVIIitne sUcle en France (1886) ; Le rceiieil drs instructions donnees aux nmbassndcurs a Rome (18881; TJistmre du car- dinal de Fiehelien (1893-96) ; La France et la rot/ante arant Ttichelieu (1898); and ha fleine et les qvais Promenades d'nn hihliophile (1901). HANOTEAU, a no'tfi'. Hector (1823-90). A French landscape painter, born at Decize(Xi&vre) . He was a pupil of Gigoux, and constantly exhibit- ed at the Salon. His works arc characterized by sturdy realism and skillful color. They include "The Village Pond," "The Frogs, and "The Water Lilies," all in the Lu.xembourg. He also painted portraits. He was awarded medals at the Salons of 1864, 1868, and 1869. a first-class medal at the Paris Exposition of 1889. and the Legion of Honor in 1870. HAN'OVER, Ger. HANNOVER, ha-nO'ver. A former kingdom of Germany, constituting since 1866 the most northwestern province of Prussia (Jlap: Prussia, C 2). The North Sea and the Elbe River border the region on the north iind northeast, the Prussian Province of Saxony and Brunswick on the cast, the Prussian provinces of Hesse-Nassau and Westphalia on the south .and southwest, and Holland lies on the west. Han- over nearly surrounds the Grand Duchy of Olden- burg. It embraces the old Brunswick-Liinebui'g possessions, together with the principalities of Hildesheim, East Friesland. Gottingen, Osna- briick. etc. Area. 14,869 square miles. GEOGRApnic.L Features. The general physical character of Hanover is that of an extended allu- vial plain with sliglit undulations — the western continuation of the great low plain of Northern Germany. In the south, however, the country is mountainous, embracing a considerable part of the western Harz (reaching a height of about 3350 feet), together with the lesser heights of the Eichsfeld, and other moimtain ranges. The mountains are covered with dense woods. The val- leys between the mountains are fertile, with a good clayey loam, and well adapted to agriculture. Beyond the valleys, toward the north, the country is traversed from northwest to southeast by a sandy tract from 50 to 80 miles in wiilth known as the Liinebergcr Heide, which is almost wholly
M for agricultural purposes. Toward the northwest from the mountain region extend ele- vated levels, characterized by heaths and other dry areas. Great marshes, peat-moors, 'floating- fields.' cover the northwestern and extreme north ern districts of the province. These sections have in some parts been successfully drained and fertilized and furnish good pasture, but a large portion is still unreclaimed, and is re- garded as one of the least productive parts of (Germany. The mora.ss of Bourtange, on the bor- ders of Holland, alone covers 500 square miles. The coast, partaking of the nature of the Holland coast, is low. and requires protection from the overflowing of the "German Friesland.' the land being in many localities below the level of the sea. Along the banks of the rivers and adjoining the dike-protected coast are very fertile and high- ly cultivated districts. The principal rivers are the Elbe, which receives several affluents from the southwest; the Weser, on whose affluent, the Leine, is situated the capital. Hanover, and among whose other tributaries are the Aue. the Em- mer, and the Aller ; the Ems ; and the Vechte — all falling into the North Sea. There are only two considerable lakes, the Diimmersee and the Steinhnder Meer. CLiifATE AND MINERAL RESOURCES. The cli- mate is damp near the ocean, where fogs and bea'y winds are frequent; in the south it is drier and colder, being bleak in the Harz in
