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HENRY. 7 the James River. In 1869 he was elected a mem- ber of the National Academy, and established a sludio in New York. He is also a mcnilier of the American 'atcr-Color Society. In 1871, 1875, and 1882 he revisited Europe, skctcliinj^ in France and England. He received a medal at the New Orleans Exposition in 18S4 and at the World's Fair, Chicago, in 18!i;i, and honorable mention at the Paris Exhil)ilion, 1880. His specialty is genre figures, quaintly depicted. The composition is usually well balanced, with elab- crate details; the outlines are often hard, and the color crude. One of his largest paintings is tlie "Initial Excursion of the First Railway Ever Constructed in New York .State," Corcoran Gal- lerj-, Va.5hington, containing fifty figures. His principal works are: Old Clock on the Stairs" (1868); "City Point — Grant's Headquarters" (1869). Union Lea^ie Club. New Y'ork; "Battle of Germantown," owned by William Astor; "Dcc- hiration of Independence." owned by J. W. Drexel ; "Reception to Lafayette," "In Sight of Home," "Waiting for an Answer." HENRY, aN'ro', Etiexne Ossian (1798- 1873). A French chemist, son of Noel Etienne Henry (1769-1832), born in Paris, and trained by his father, who was director of the Central Pharmacy of the Parisian hospitals and professor in the School of Pharmacy. In 1824 he became director of the chemical laboratory of the Acad- emy of iledicine. He discovered sinapin and studied mineral waters, milk of various animals, nicotine, and tannin. His works include: Traitd pratique d'aitali/se chimiqiie des eaiisc iiiiiierales, with his father (2d ed. 1858) ; ilemoire sur Vanaljise organique, with Plisson (1830); Atia- h/se chimique des eaiix dc Paris, with Boutron- Charland (1848); and, with Ratier, a transla- tion of the Codex Medicamentariiis (1827). HEN'RY, Joseph (1799-1878). An Ameri- can physicist, born at Albany, N. Y. He was educated at the Alban}' Academy, where in 1826 he Ijecame professor of mathematics. Henry en- joyed the reputation of being one of the greatest of experimenters, and did more toward the de- velopment of the science of electricity than any other American since the time of Franklin. At the Albany Academy he developed the electro- magnet, which had been invented a few years pre- viously by Sturgeon of England. By insulating the wire with silk and constructing tlie appara- tus according to certain original ideas, he ob- tained electromagnets of far greater [lower and etficiency than those of other experimenters, and also transmitted the current from the battery through a considerable length of wire to the mag- net. In 1831 Henry sent a current through a mile of fine copper w'ire, and caused the armature of the electromagnet to be attracted and strike a bell, thus producing an audible signal. This is the first electromagnet telegraph, and Henry is to be regarded as the inventor of the principle now nniversalh' applied in modern practice. In further experiments at Princeton where Henry was appointed professor in 1832 he devised an arrangement of electromagnets and batteries, where the current transmitted to a considerable distance energized a magnet and attracted an armature which opened a 'local' circuit with its battery and caused .a powerful electromagnet to perform work by allowing a weight to fall. This experiment contains the principle of the tele- n HENRY. graph relay which made possible telegraphy over considerable distances. The apparatus was set up between Henry's residence and laboratory at Princeton, and the earth was used as a return conductor for the first lime. Henry was also the first to employ magnetic attraction and repulsion to produce motion, and constructed a simple mag- netic engine which had the first automatic pole- changer or commutator ever applied to the galvanic battery. In the discovery of magnetic induction Henry was anticipated by Faraday (q.v.), but he w.a's the first to notice the similar phenomenon of self- induction. He also investigated the oscillations of electric discharges and other electrical phe- nomena. In 184(! he was chosen secretary of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington,' a posi- tion that he held until his death. In 1849 he yas elected president of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, and in 1858 he was chosen president of the National Academy of Sciences, of which body he was an original member. Upon the establishment of the Lighthouse Board in 1852 Professor Henry was appointed a member, and in 1871 became its' head. He carried on in this capacity a number of im- portant tests for the Government which resulted in the improvement of fog-signals and the various lights and lighthouses. He was also interested in meteorology, and in his reports, as secretary, he urged the Government to collect and distribute meteorological information. He suggested the use of the telegraph for this purpose, and for a number of years tliis important work was under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution. Terrestrial magnetism was also a subject of in- terest to Henry, and he not only participated in investigations on his own account, but urged upon the Government the importance of having such observations made. In acotistics. Professor Henry also carried on important researches, his attention being directed to this subject largely through his experiments with fog-signals. Henry enjoyed no small amount of European reputation, and in his trips abroad was enthusiastically re- ceived by English and Continental scientists. Henry was involved in a controversy with S. F. B. Morse (q.v.) as regards the invention of the telegraph, but it is safe to state that the former is to be regarded as the originator of the princi- ple, while Morse invented the instrument first used for this purpose. Henry's collected writings are to be found in the Smithsrjniaii M iKcellaneotis Collection, vol. xxx. (Washington, 1887). In volumes ,x.. and xxi. of the same series are to be found excellent biographical and memorial no- tices. Consult also nickerson, Joseph Henry and the Miiiinetic Telegraph (New York, 1885). HENRY, Matthew (1662-1714). An English Nonconformist divine and Bible commentator. He was born in Flintshire, near Chester, OctoIx>r 18, 1062. Having qualified himself for the min- istry, in 1687 he was settled as pastor of a con- gregation of Dissenters at Chester, where he con- tinued for twenty-five years. In ilay, 1712. he removed to a charge at Hackney, near London. He died .tunc 22, 1714. His principal work is an Exposition of the Old and yeir Testament, which was commenced in November, 1704, and five volumes appeared in London prior to 1710. He lived to finish it only to the .Acts of the .Vpos- tles, and the remainder was finished by thirteen Nonconformist ministers, whose names are given