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HINSDALE. 90 HIP-JOINT. are: Genuineness and Aulhrnticily of the Oospels (1870); Jewish Christitin Church (1878); Ec- clcsiaslical Traditions (187U); The Kepultlican Textliook (1880); Garfield and i:dueation (1881); The Old XorlhuesI (1888); How to atudy and Teach Uistory (1894): Teaching the I.anijunye Arts (18!)t!); and Horace Mann ami the Common-School h'cricat in the I'nittd •Slates (18118). Ho :ilsci (.(liti'd the hifc and Works of Jajncs .1. Garfield (2 vols., 1882-83). HINTEBLAND, liiii'trT-liiiit (Ger., back ter- ritory). A term that came into (general use at the time of the [lartition of Kast Africa between Oermany ami England in IS'.M). The doctrine of the hinterland is the claim of German diplomats that when a power takes possession of a strip of seacoast, its rights extend inland indefinitely, or until its territory reaches the recognized boundary of some other power. HINTON. A city and the county-seat of Summers County. W. Va.. 100 miles southeast of Charleston ; on the New River, and on the Chesa- peake and Ohio Railroad (Map: West Virginia, D 4). It is a railroad division headquarters with repair-shops, etc., and has also sawmills and other industrial establishments. Population, in isno. 2.570: in 1900, 37(i3. HINTON, ,James (1822-7.5). An English aurist and metaphysician, born at Reading. He received his education at the Hospital of Saint Bartholomew, and began to practice in London about 18.50 as an ear specialist. Besides leetvir- ing upon his chosen subject in Guy's Hospital, from 18G2 to 1874, he published: ilan and His DirelUnyPlaee (1859): Life in ature (1802): and The J/i/.s/rn/ of Pain (1805). Two of his books upon similar subjects were issued posthu- mouslv. EUice Hopkins edited his Life and Let- ters (1878). HINZPETER, hints'pa'ter, Georo Ernst ( 1827— I . A (German educator, born at Bielefeld, where he taught after his university course at Halle and Berlin. The Crown Prince's tutor. Hinzpeter became a privy councilor and member of several governmental boards after Wilhelm II. came to the throne, strongly inlluenced the Em- peror's educational policy, and in 1890 was prominent in the Berlin Conference on Higher Education. He wrote Kaiser Wilhelm II. (9th ed. 18S9). HIOGO, hy./gA. or FIOGO. A part of the Ja|iaM('so town of Kobe (q.v.). HIONG-Ntr, hyong'nw'. By this name the Chinese chroniclers designate a people of Turkish or Tatar race who, some two centuries B.C., foimded a powerful kingdom in Central Asia, conquered "Turkestan, and made inroads into China. The kingdom of the Hiong-Xu lasted un- til the middle of the first century ..D., when it split into two sections, of which the noftheru soon disappeared from history. Some identify the Huns with the Hiong-Xu. The Chinese ac- count of this people was published (in transla- tion) in the Journal of the Anthropolotjieal In- stitute (London) for 1874. Many ethnologists see in the IIiong-u the ancestors of the Turks. HIOUEN-THSANG, hf-wfn-tsang'. A cele- brated Chinese Buddhist traveler, who visited 110 places of India in the first half of the seventh century (029-6451, and gave an account of the condition of Buddhism at that period in India. His interests being chiefly religious, he did not enter much into iletails concerninj; the HiK-ial and political condition of India. His narrative, however, gives many curious facts which he observed, and, possessing a high de- gri-o of trustworthiness, is one of the most important documents for the history of India at that time. Apparently he traveled alone, or with a few occasional companions, and wore the garb of a religious mendicant. It does not ap- )>ear that the account of his travels was written by himself. The first of the two works relating to them is a biographical notice of him, in which his travels form a principal feature; it was com- posed by two of his pupils, Hoei-li and Yen- Thsong. The latter liears the title of Ta-thang- si-yu-l:i. or "Memoirs of the Countries of the West, published under the Tliang," and was edited by Pien-ki. Both works have been pub- lished in a French translation by the ("hinese scholar JI. Stanislaus .Tulien in his liistoirc de la vie de Hiucn-Thsang (18.53), and his Mf- moires sur les contrives occidenlalcs, jiar Iliuen- Thsang (1857-58). For his biography, consult Boal. I.ifr of Uiuen-Tsaing (London, 1888). HIP-JOINT. A ball-and-socket joint, formed by the reception of the globular head of the thigh- tone (or femur) into the deep pit or cup in the OS innominatum. which is known as the acctahu- lum (so called from its resemblance to the vine- gar cups used by the Romans). If the variety of the movements of this joint — viz., flexion, exten- sion, abduction, adduction, and rotation inward and outward — and at the same time its great strength are considered, it may well claim to be regarded as the most perfect joint in the whole tod.v. The ligaments are usuallj* described as five in number: (1) The capsular; (2) the iliofemoral ; (3) the teres or round; (4) the cotyloid; and (5) the transverse. The capsular ligament ex- tends from the edge of the cup to the circum- ference of the neck upon which the ball is car- ried, inclosing the bony parts in a strong sheath. The ilio-femoral, or Y ligament, is merely an ac- cessory band of fibres which give increased thickness to the capsular ligament in front, where strength is specially required. The great use of the capsular ligament is to limit the extension of the hip-joint, and thus to give steadiness to the "rect posture. The only other ligament re- quiring notice is the teres, or round ligament, which is in reality triangular rather than round, and has its apex attached to the head of the thighbone, while its base is connected with the cavity of the acetabulum. Its use is not very clearly known, but probably is to support and protect vessels giving bloojl-supply to the head of the bone. It is sometimes absent in ciises in which no special weakness of the joint was ob- served during life, and is of by no means constant occurrence in mammals. The joint is much strengthened by a large number of surrounding muscles, some of which are of considcr.ible power. In such a joint as this, although the ligaments materially assist in preventing dislocation, it is obvious that the articular surfaces cannot, under ordinary circumstances, he kept in apposition by them, inasmuch as they must be loose in their whole circumference, to permit of the general movements of the joint. The experiments of Weber have shown that atmospheric pressure is