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HOLOTHXTKIAN. 155 HOLT. Holotliurians are found in all seas, but par- ticularly abound in the West Indies and between Asia and Australia. The largest American spe- cies is lliiUAIiuria Floridana, which abounds just below luw-water mark on the Florida reefs. An- other large one, Cucumaria frondosa, inhabiting the North Atlantic, and probably circumpolar. is about a foot in length, and is j'cllowish-brown. Many of the tropical species exhibit attractive colors, and are among the creatures which make the bottom of the sea, particularly among coral reefs and islands, extraordinarily interesting. The holotliurians (Holothuroiilea) are classified in two orders according to the point of origin of Ihe tentacles. In the Actinopoda they arise from the radial vessels of the water-vascular system, while in the Paractinopoda they arise from the circumoval ring. The Actinopoda include more than five-sixths of the species, and are grouped in five very distinct families. Of these, tiie Ela- sipoda are the most remarkable. They are all deep-sea forms and occur in all parts of the world. Man}' of them assume the most grotesque shapes, and some reach a large size. The Parac- tinopoda are all footless forms, of a single fam- ily. The best-known genus is Synapta, contain- ing more than litty species found in all parts of the world. About six hundred species of holo- tliurians are known, varying in size' from .those half an inch long up to certain tropical species two or even three feet in length. The colors vary from white, or almost transparent, to jet-black, but as a rule the eojors are more or less in correspondence with the bottom on which the animal lives. They chiefly feed on Foraminifera. Their movements arc generally very sluggish, and they seem to have few enemies. All are harmless, but the only ones of any use to man ace the larger forms, from which beche-de-mer, or trepang, a great delicacy with the Chinese, is prepared. Consult: Ludwig, "Die Seewalzen," in Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs: Echino- dcrmen, vol. i. (Berlin, 1889-92), the standard work on holothurians ; Lampert, Die Seetvalzcn (Wiesbaden, 1885) ; the best work in English is TheOl, "Pa-port on the Holothuroidea." in C'hal- knyer Rii>orts : Zoijioi/i/. vol iv.. jiart 13, and vol. xiv., part 3'.) (London,'l882 and 1886). HOL'OTHUROI'DEA. A class of echino- derms. See Eciiinodekiiata and Holothuriax. HOLST, hoist, Hans Peter (1811-9^). A Banish ]ioet and novelist, born at Copenhagen. From 187.5 until his death he was dramaturgist for the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen. His first work to attract attention was a memorial poem on Frederick VI. (1839). This was fol- lowed by Vde og Ujemme, prose and verse ( 1843) , and Den lille Hornblivser (1849) a collection of patriotic poems. He also wrote a number of plays, vaudevilles and novels, and translated Miirh Ado About Xothing (1880). HOLST, IlKHMAN.N EDi-ARn VON (1841-1904). A German-American historian and educator, born at Fellin, in Livonia, of German parentage. He studied at Dorpat from 1800 to 1803, and at Heidelberg from 1803 to 1865. and became a tutor at Saint Petersburg in 1866: but was excluded from the Russian dominions in the fol- lowing year for publishing a pamphlet of which the Russian (iovcrnmciit disapproved, and emi- grated to America. Settling in New York, he taught modern languages for a time in a small Vol. X.— 11 private school, made a number of political speeches in the Presidential campaign of 1808, and was an assistant editor of Schem's Deutsch- Amerikanisches Konversatio-ns-Lexlkon. He then returned to (^rmany, was professor of history in the University of Strassburg from 1872 to 1874, and in the Universitj' of Freiburg from 1874 to 1892,- visited America in 1878-79 and in 1884, servi'd for a number of years in the Baden Diet, for the last two .sessi<ms as vice-president, and in 1892 became head of the department of his- tory in the newly founded University of Chi- cago. In 1900 ill health compelled his retire- ment, and he returned to his home in Freiburg. Von Hoist's works are almost altogether on American topics. His Verfassung und Ucmo- kratie der Vereinigten Sitaaten von Amerika (.5 vols., 1873-91), English translation by Lalor and Mason, The Constitutional and Political History of the United States (8 vols., 1870-92). is his best-known work, and contains a remarkablj' able presentation of the Federalist and anti-slavery view of American political history. Among his other publications are: ZJas Htaatsrecht der Ver- einigten Htaaten von Amerika (1885), English translation, The Constitutional Law of the United States of Ameriea (1887) ; John C. Cal- houn, in the "American Statesmen Series" (1882); John Brown (1888); and The French Revolution Tested by Mirabeau's Career (1894). Consult Hart, "Hermann von Hoist," in the Polit- ical .sVifHce Quarterly, vol. v. (New York, 1890). HOLSTEIN", hol'stin. Formerly a duchy be- longing to Denmark, and at the same time a member of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Ciernianic Confederation (Map: Prussia. C 1). It was annexed in 1800 to Prussia, and now forms the southern part of the Province of Schle.swig-Holstein (q.v. ) . HOLSTEIN, or Hol-stein-Feiesian. A breed of dairy cattle. See C.iTTLE. HOLSTEIN, Fbanz von (1826-78). A Ger- man composer, born at Brunswick. He entered a military school, and became an ofhcer in the German Army, but at the same time studied music with Richter. In 1853 he resigned from the army and became one of Hauptmann's pupils at the Leipzig Conservatory. After traveling extensively he settled in Leipzig as a composer. His operas, of which he wrote both words and music, include: Der Uaideschneht (1808); Der Erbe von Morley (1872); and Die Horhl^inder (1876). He also composed considerable vocal and instrumental music. HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP, got'torp. See Ol- DENni K(i, HOL'SF. OF. HOL'STON RIVER. One of the two rivers, the Clinch being the other, which unite at King- ston. Roane Co., Tenn.. to form the Tennessee River (Map: Tennessee. II 4). The Holston it- self is formed by two forks rising in the .lle- ghanies in southwestern Virginia and uniting at Kingsport in Sullivan Cimnty, Tenn. Vith the north fork it is over 300 miles long, and is navigable to Knoxville at all seasons, and in winter to Kingston. HOLT, Sir John (1642-1710). An English jurist. After receiving bis education at Oxford, he was called to (he bar, 1603. from Gray's Inn, to which be had been admitted when only ten years of age. He soon displayed a decided tal- ent for law, and became au able advocate, well