Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/314

HOWE. 274 HOWE. sank immediately after she was taken possession of. London was illuminated three nights in honor of the victory; the thank.s of I'arliunient were voted to Howe, and Ueorfjc ill. n:yiy him a sword and made him n Knight of llie Garter. His last service was in brinj^'inj; back the mu- tinous seamen at Portsmouth to their duty in 1797. Consult: Barrow, Life of Itkhard, Karl Iloire (London, ls;!8) ; Heutron, arnl ami J/i/i- tarii Memoirs of llrcut lirHnin (London, 1804) ; Chevalier, Hisloirc lic la iiarinc fran^nisc (Paris, 1900) ; lirilixh Magazine and h'criew (Jime, 1783) ; O'Ueirne, .1 Candid and Impartial Xar- ruJivc of the Transaetions of the Fleet Under the Command of Lord Hoire from the Arrival of the Toulon iSquadron, etc. (London, 1780); Poggi, .4 Xarratire of the Proceedings of Ilia Majesty's Fleet from the 2d of May to the ^d of June, n9.'i (London, 17DG). HOWE, RoREitT (n.Ti-S.i). An American patriot and soldier, horn in Brunswick County, North Carolina. After serving against the In- dians, he was elected to the Assembly in I'fi.'i. and the same year Covermir Tryon nominated him commander of Fort ,rohnson on tlie Capo Fear Hivcr. He served in the Assembly until 177.'). was a member of the Provincial Congresses of 1774 and 1775. and took a prominent part in the preparations for revolt. On September 1, 1775, he was made colonel of the second North Carolina Regiment, afterwards a part of the Continental line, and aiilc<l General Woodford in driving Lord Dunmore, the British Governor, from Virginia. He was made lirigadier general of the Continental troops March 1. 177(i. and was especially excepted from the general olTer of anmesty issued by Sir Henry Clinton, lie was made major-general October 20. 1777. and placed in command of the Department of the South. An unsuccessful expedilicm to Florida resulted in the abandonment of Savannah in Ueccmtier. 1778, and Howe was succee<led in his command by Gen. Benjamin Lincoln. He commanded the North Carolina troops at the defense of Charles- ton (1780). and was in command of West Point the same year. In 1781 he was tried by court- martial for the loss of Savannah on the com- plaint of the Georgia .ssend)ly. but was honor- ably acquitted. During this year and again in 1783 he was sent by Washington to reduce mutinous regiments, and was entirely successful. He was sent to pacify the Indians of the West in 1785. and the same year was elected to the North Carolina Legislature, but died before taking hia t seat. HOWE, Samitx Gridlet (1801-76). An .Vmerican reformer and philanthropist, born in Boston. He graduated at Brown in 1821, and took the degree of M.D. at the Harvard Medical School in 1824. Stirred by the poems of Byron, he offered his services to the Greeks in their strug- gle for independence. In Greece his services were not conlined to the duties of a surgeon, in which capacity he had volunteered, but were of a more militarj- nature, and his bravery, enthusiasm, and ability as a commander, as well as his hu- manity and nobility of character, won for him the title of 'the Lafayette of the Greek Revolu- tion.' He continued in the senice until 1827. when he returned to .America to raise funds and supplies to alleviate the famine and suffering in Greece. Through his efforts more than $00,000 was raised, besides large donations of food and cloUiing, with which, alter writing his llislorical Sketch of the drcik Kevolution (1828), he went again to Greece, where he remained until 1830, and became surgeon-in-chief of the Greek lleet. Before leaving Greece he si'tllcd a successful colony of e.viles at Corinth. He then spent some time in medical studies at Paris, where his en- thusiasm fur a republican form of government led him to take part in the July l!evoluti<in. In the following year he returned to the I'nited States, and became interested in the work with which his name will be longest connected — the education of the blind. He returned to Kuro])e to study the existing systems iu England and France: but his investigations were interrupted in the winter of 1831-32, when he became chair- man of the "American-Polish Committee' at Paris, organized by himself. J. Fcnimorc Cooper, S. F. B. Morse, and several other Americans living in the city, for the purpose of giving relief to tho Polish political refugees who had crossed over the Prussian border into Prussia. Dr. Howe undertook to distribute the supi)lies and funds p«'rsonally, and while in Berlin was secretly seized by the Prussian authorities and imprisoned for five weeks. In the latter part of tlie same . year (1832) he returned to Boston, where he met with great success in his educational work, and the Perkins Institution for the Blind, as it was named, in honor of its principal benefactor, be- came the greatest school of its kind in the world. Dr. Howe himself was the originator of many improvements in method, as well as in the proc- esses of printing books in raised types. Picsides acting ns suix-rintendent of the Perkins Institu- tion to the end of his life, he was instrumental in establishing a large number of institutions of a similar character throughout the country. At the Perkins Institution his most remarkable achievement was in the education of Laura Bridg- man. The care and education of idiots and feeble- minded, the reform of prisons, abolition of im- prisonment for debt, and finally the abolition of negro slavery in the United States, all engaged Howe's attention. He entered publicly into the anti-slavery struggle for the first time in 1840, when, as a 'Conscience Whig,' he wa.s an un- successful candidate for Congress against Robert C. Winthrop. In 1851 he was one of the foind- ers and editor of an anti-slavery paper, the Bos- ton' Daily ('ommonicenlth, upon which his wife. Julia Ward Howe (q.v.). whom he had married in IS 13, assisted him. He was one of the most prominent members of the 'Kansas Committee' in Massachusetts, and with Sanborn, Stearns, Theodore Parker, and Gerrit Smith was interest- ed in the plans of John Brown, although he dis- approved of the lattcr's attack upon Harper's Ferry. During the Civil War Howe was one of the directors of the Sanitarv- Commission, and at its close entered into the work of the Freed- men's Bureau. He was the originator of the Stale Board of Charities of Massachusetts, in 1803. the first board of the sort in .America, and was it.s chairman from that time until 1874. In 1800 he made a last trip to Greece to carrv' relief to the Cretan refugees, and in 1870 was a member of the commission sent by President Grant to in- quire into the practicability of the annexation of Santo Domingo. It is probably not too much to say that no man ever lived in America who so truly deser-ed the name philanthropist in its