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HUNGARY. -324 HUNGARY. uient has sought to encourage iiulustrios by fa- vorable legislation, such as exempt ion from tax- ation. Most of the industries are being thor- oughly nioilernizcd — eoMeeutraleil under large plantii, with highly improved maehinery. The leading industries are those whieh draw their supplies from the abundant agricultural prod- ucts of the country— llour-niilling. brewing and uistillinu', sugjir and ti)ba(C<'i maMufactures. etc. Iron products, clothing, and many U'ss imimrtant items are also included among the manufactures. Many of the large establishments are centred in liudapest. Tk.a.n.spoktatiox .k.nd C'om.mkiuk. In respect to railway mileage. Hungary will compare favor- ably with other Kuropcan countries. Including Croatia and Slavonia, there were in 181III 1(),.500 miles of railway lines, about four-tiflhs of which were owned by the Stale, while the greater part of the remainder was ojierated by the State. Hungary has (he distinction of having first ap- plied tile ■zonetariti" system to its railroads. The Danube and its tributaries afford extensive facilities for water transportation. The navi- gation of some of the rivers, notably the Theiss, has lieen greatly improved through the shorten- ing of the course by nu'ans of numerous cuts. The limited coastline tends to restrict the coun- try's participation in the seagoing trade. The principal port. li(j»cv<-r. Kiumc, is ra|iidly grow- ing in importance, and a subvention is granted to Himgarian vessels registering in this port, the immber of which is rapidly increasing. Over three-fonrtlis of the imi)orts are from Austria, which takes a not much smaller proportion of the exports. This arises from the fact that the two countries are mutually complementary in respect to their prodifts. and that trade between theni is free, whereas there is a farilV barrier to the trade with other countries, drain, cattle, and other farm products pass from Hungary to Austria in return for manufactured products. ))rincipally textiles. Cermany oceii]iies a second place in the trade with Hungary. (JovERNME.NT. The Knijieror of Atistria is King of Hungary. The fnri'ign and military and naval affairs of the .AnstroHungarian Monarchy are etmducted jointly l>y .ustria ( Cisleitliania ) and Hungary (Translcitliania ) through the medium of common ministries (including a ministry for the common finances) and the so-called Delega- tions representing the separate halves of the Monarchy. The crownland of Croatia-SIavonia enjoys autonomy in local affairs, having its own Diet and its own Ban or Governor. It is, how- ever, also represented in the Hungarian Diet. Since 1807 Transylvania has been an integral part of Hungary. In the national Hungarian Parliament the Mag>ar interests are jiredonii- nant. and the Magar language is official throtigh- out Hungarj" proper, being obligatory in schools, etc. Croatia and Slavonia arc allowed the offi- cial use of their native language. A full exposi- tion of the government and the educational sys- tem, and a statement of finances, will be found in the article Ar.STRi.v-Htxr„RY. Poi'li.ATioN. The population of the I^ands of the Hungarian Crown in 1000 was 10.2.')4..'j.59, or 1.53 per square mile. This was somewhat more than two-fifths of the population of the .ustro- Hungarian Monarchy, exclusive of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are a large number of ra- cial elements represented in Hungary, and the bitterness of racial feeling is the occasion ot much political and .social friction. The Mag- yar-speaking ]H)piilatiun ninnbers alioiit !l,00t),()0U, but this figure incluiles a large number of persons not of Magyar blood. The Kumans ( Uallachs), mostly in Transylvania, numlier about .'!,0(IO,UOO, and the Southern Slavs (Croats and Serbs) are nearly as numerous. The Northern Slavs number about 2.')0().000, about four-fifths of them being Slovaks, and the remainder mainly Hullii'iiians. Hungary has a (Jernian-speaking population of over li.OOO.OOO. The (iermans constitute an im- portant element in many of the cities, and in Tran.sylvania there is a (ierman-speaking district known as the "Saxon Land.' There are over 8,"i0,- 000 inhabitants of .lewisli blood, most of whom are included in the Magyar-speaking population. Next to Humania. Hungary contains a larger number of gypsies than any Kuropcan country. They form a piclures(iue element in the jiopula- tion, and their music is (piitc a feature in the diarms of rural life in llimgary. There are a number of Arnu'iiians and Bulgarians in the Kingdom. The population of Transylvania con- sists mostly of Rumans, and the Magyar element is but feebly represented in Croatia anil Slavonia. The Magyars are, as a rule, the land-owners of the country. Hungary is uniipie among pro- gressive European countries in the extent to which the dill'erenl races still retain their own peculiar and long-established costumes. The cos- tume of an Hungarian peasant is made of a linen shirt with long sleeves, reaching t<i the knee; a bodice ornamenled with metal buttons or cords; wide linen trousers or tight-fitting ones, made of black or blue cloth, and stuck into leather boots ornamented with cords; a black round hat with feathers, or a black fur cap for liead-drcss. and a cloak made of close, coarse cloth ajid trimmed with fur, cords, etc., or a wide sleeveless sheep- skin coat, worn also to some extent in sum- mer. The costume of the Hungarian peasant woman is also very picturesque, and is made usu- ally of lighter materials. The population is very largely centred in villages, some of which contain several thousand inhabitants, but there are a fmv large towns. Budapest in 1001 bad a ]iopiilation of 7.32,322. or more than twice its population in 1881. Szegedin. with a popula- tion in 1001 of 102.091, is the only other town containing <iver 100.000 inhabitants. Cities hav- ing between this and ."lO.OOO inhabitants in the order of size, arc: Szabadka ( Maria-Thcrcsiopcl) , Debreczin. Pressburg (Pozsony). Hodniezii-Vflsfir- hely, Agram (Z.'igr.'ih) , the capital of Croatia and Slavonia. Kecskemi't. Arad. Temesvi'ir. and Grosswardein (Nagy-Vflrad). Other well-known towns arc: Klauscnburg, Kronstadt, and Hcr- mannstadt. the three principal places of Transyl- vania: riume, Kascliau. Oedenbiirg. Stuhlweis- senburg. Raab. Kszek. and Gran (Esztergom), the .seat of the Catholic Primate of Hungary. The population of the Kingdom of Hungary, in lOOO, according to religions, was as follows: Roman Catholics, 9,920.000; Orthodox Greeks, 2.810.000: Calvinists, 2.441.000; Lutherans. 1.- 289,000; United Greeks and Catholic Armenians, 1,8.';4.000: Israelites. 851.000; Unitarians, 08,- 500. Hi.sTORV. The Hungarians, or, as they call themselves, the Magyars, have been settled in their present abode just 1000 years. They con- stitute a branch of the Finno-Ugrian race (Uralo-