Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/388

HUNTEB, 334 HUNTING. 1874 to 1880, but took nu part in nationol politiis. HUNTEB, William (1718 s:f). A celebrated Scotch surgeon, the elder l)riplher of .lohn Hunter. He was born at Lonjj Calderwond. I.anarksliiro. He took up the study of thpolii;;v at the I'ni- versily of (ilaspow, hut decided Id dcvutc himself to the study and practice of iiieiliciiic. In 1740 he WHS invitttl liy a society of naval siirjjeons to deliver a coursi- of lectures on ojM-rative sur- gery. After 1748 he conlined hiins«dl almost exclusively to obstetrics, and U^'ame connected with the '.liddli-ic ami the Briti-h lyinfi-in-hos-' pitals. In 1764 he became physician extraor- dinary to Queen Charlotte; and in I7ti8 was appointed professor of anatomy in the Koyal Academy. His principal work is an Anutomical De.irriii'lioii of the Human Gravid Uterus and Its Cfinlrnis ( 1783). HUNTER, Sir William Wilson (1840-inoO). A Hriti;-h Imlian administrator, scholar, and sta- tistician, bom in Clasgow. Kducalcd at Glasgow, I'aris, and Bonn, he entered the Indian civil service in 18(52. Seveij years after lie was trans- ferred from Orissa and put on special duty to plan an Imperial •;a/.ctteer of British India; iu 1871 he was appointed director-peneral of statistics. Ten years later, after the appearance of the fir^l edition of the hnprritil f!n:rltccr, which was edited by Hunter, and is one of the greatest works of refercnci' on India, he was made a mem- ber of the Govcrnor-Oenernl's council, and in 1882 acted as president of the educational com- mission. He retired from the service in 1887. set- tled at Oxford, and became a rcjrular correspond- ent of the l.onilon Times on affairs in Imlia. He wrote in a vigorous and picturesque style, and for the most part with fireat scientific accuracy: Annnl.i of Rural Jleiirjiil (5th ed. 1872); Coni- jiaralivc Dictionary of the yon-.iri/nn Lan- qunges of India and lliflh Asia (IStiS). which has more valuable material than original induc- tion, as Hunter himself saw afterwards; a fstatistiral Arrouiil of Bengal (187.5-77); ffta- iistical Account of Assam (187!)) : A lirief Ilis- torji of the Indian Peoples (1880: and. in more expaniled form. 180.5, imder the title The Indian Emiiirr) : Lord Mai/o and Lord Dalhousie (18!)0), in Rulers of India: nomhai/, /.S.S.T f.S.OO ( ISn2) ; an idyll. The Old Missionari/ (1895) ; a biojjraphy of his friend Brian Houghton Hodg- son (181)6); The Thnel-ernys in India (1897); and the incomplete but valuable llistonj of British India (1899-1900). Consult Skrine, Life of Sir "{Villiam 1I'i7.soii Hunter {London, 1901). HUUTING (.-VS. huntunn. from huntian. to hunt: connected with (Joth. hin]mn, to seize, and probably with Eng. hand). The pursuit of game, especially as a recreation or s|)ort The true sportsman is a strong supporter of evcr>' law designed for the protection of game (see Came Laws), and rarrly kills game for any other purpose than for eating, unless it is a dangerous creature or n nuisance. Thus an animal like the fox is hunted partly on account of its He- stnictiveness and partly for the enjoyment to be obtained in its pursuit. Draq-huntinti. in which th^ hounds follow the trail of an aniseed bag which has been previously drajsed over a se- lected course. i« a favorite substitute for fo.T- hunting. Hunting is a vej-y ancient amuse- ment, and the pursuit of game, either as a pas- time or for the necessities of subsistence, has from the earliot times been one of the must prominent occupations of the human race. Ac- cording to tradition, Alexander the (!reat paid a large sum for a treatise on this subject by -Vristotle. while the cha.se has been dcscrilwd by .Appianus, Nemesianus, and many oilier classic authors. KiRK.vBMs. The improvement in firearms has worked a great revcdution iu the hunting and shooting of such animals and birds as come under the gjime laws, or are regarded as permissible quarry by the huntsnuin. Xcverthelcss, it has made more necessary than ever the study of nati- ral history anil woodcraft by the would-be hunter. In order to lie a tirst-elass shot, or to attain dex- terity in the use of the s|K)rting gun. it is neces- sary that the weapon should Tit' the shooter. Proper regard must be paid to the weight of the weapon, and the ease with which it can be manipulated; it must be adapted to his chest, lenglii of arm. etc.. so that it may be readily brought into service without any straining of the body, anus, or muscles of the neck. An experienced gunsmith should be consulted, who w^ill easily decide the weapon best suited for his customer. The weight of the weapon depends largely on the size of the bore and the length of the barrels. For a more detailed description of the various types of shotgun for every variety of game, the reader is referred to SiioTCUK. Docs. . description of the various varieties of dogs useil in the hunting or pursuit ot game will be found under FiELU Does. Other closely related articles are Game-Pbesebm:; UoRsr: and HoB.'iKMANSiiip. There are many methods of hunting, and .some animals necessitate a pursuit in special ways, but the killing of game by shooting is by far the most common method, and the one to which this article is hirgely devoted. In Europe, and in Great Britain particularly, the various forms of shooting may be grouped as follows: Open Shoot- infi. — Partridge, grouse, plover, qii.ail, landrail, tni])e, etc.; bares and rabbits. Covert Hhoolimj. — Pheasants, woodcocks, hares, and rabbits. River and I'ond Shoolinfi. — Wild duck, widgeon, teal. etc. Stilt-Water Wildfou-i fhootinf/.—Such marine wild-fowl as the wild swan, wild goose, tirent goose, etc. Formerly the game was hunted en open moors, stubbles, fens, and ni.arshes, or in coverts, aided by spaniels and beaters; or else it was stalked on the hills (see DeebStalkinc. ), or along the shores of lakes and estuario. This form or method still obtains in Continental Eurojie. the modern English method being the ex- ception. In consequence of improved methods of agriculture, shooting over dogs in England and parto of Scotland and Ireland has become prac- tically a tiling of the past, and the 'drive' or hatlue has, of necessity, become (he vogue. In .America dogs may be regarded as a necessity. Many rules have developed for the guidance of Fportsmen when shooting together in the field, some of the more import.nnt of which may be mentioned. Where two persons are shooting to- gether it is the rule for one not to shoot at a bird which •Js flying toward his companion. It is very neces=ar>' to condemn the firing across a eomr.ide's face: and good fellowship demands that a bird should never he fired at if it is flying so that it must cross before a companion until