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HUSSITES. 348 HUTCHINSON. developed. In 1431 tlic Council of Basel (q.v.) undertook to conciliate the Hussites, and suc- ceeded in coiiiiiij,' to an aj,'rii iiieni with the Calix- lines liy the '(.'onipactata of I'rajjuc' in UiiH, after which the latter acknowledged Sigisniund as King and made peace with the C'liurch. The Taboritcs and Orphans were conipU'tcly defeated in a battle near BOhniischbrod, May 30, l-i'iM and soon dis- appeared as a jiolitical power, but continued to exist as the Bohemian Brethren (q.v.). HUSTINGS (AS. hilsliiiff. from Iccl. hus]>ing, council phuc. from hus, AS., OIKJ. hfis, Ger. Uaus, hou.se -|- ]>ing, thing, assembly, OIK!, ding, Ger. Ding, thing; connected with Coth. J'ci/i.s, l.at. tcinpus, time). An English term applied to *he place or platform where, bcfnrc 1872, members of Parliament were nominated for elec- tion, or from which a candidate addressed his constituents. The term is still applied to any electioneering platform. A court of hustings for- merly existed in many English cities for the trial of suits brought for the recovery of land situ- ated within the city limits. Such a court still survives in London; but its authority, which at one time extended to all actions between citizens, has now practically disappeared. The hustings court existed in the towns of Virginia founded during the eighteenth ccntiry. Thus the charter of Norfolk Borough, incorporated in l".")!!. estab- lished a hustings court to be held once a month, with jurisdiction over actions of ejectment, tres- pass, and writs of dower, as well as all other actions, personal and mixed, involving not more than £20. A hustings court is still one of the municipal tribunals of Richmond. It is held by a judge elected in the same manner as the circuit judges, and has original and cxchisive jurisdic- tion of most criminal offenses committed within the city limits. HUTCH'ESON, Francis (1694-1746). A moralist of the eighteenth century, born August 8, lfi!)4. in County Down. Ireland. His father was a Prcsbytc^rian minister. He studied fur the Church at the University of Glasgow, bit after a short term of preaching he was induced, in 1719, to o]x'n a private academy in the city of Dublin, which proved highly successful. In 1725 he puhlisheil his Imiuirii into the Orig- inal of Our Idca.i of Bcautji and Yirtur. etc., which was the means nf introducing him to the notice nf many inllucntial personages, such as Archbishops King and Boulter, and Lord Gran- ville, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. This work was followed, in 1728, by his Ussatf on the Nature and Conduct of the Paxxions and Affec- tions, and in the year after he was appointed |)rofessor of moral philosophy in the University of Glasgow. Here he died, in 1746. His largest and most important work, .1 Sifxteni of Moral Philonophii. was published at Glasgow in 17.5.5 by his son, Krancis Hutcheson. From the period of Hutrhesnn's lectures, according to Dugald Stewart, may be dated the metaphysical phi- losophy of Scotland. But it is as a moral phi- losopher, rather than as a metaphysician, that Hutcheson is noteworthy. His system is, to a large extent, that of Shaftesbury, hut it is more complete, coherent, and clearly illustrated. Hutcheson emphasized the importance of 'calm benevolence,' and was a strong opponent of the doctrine that it has a selfish origin. Equally im- portant with t>enevolence in his system is the moral sense, "which docs not impel toward good actions, but merely judges the moral quality of actions and gives its approval to benevolence;" the latter is the mainspring of good conduct. All action prompted by bene^■olcncc is fiirmally good; but to be naturally good it must be an action which "procures the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers." In this respect he was a forerunner of till- Knglish I'lilitarians. ('onsuit: Fowler, .S7iu//f.«fcun/ and llutcliimm (London, 1882) ; Albee. Ilistori/ of Enghuh Utililarianisni (I^ndon, l!l()2|; Martineau", Ti/pvs of FAhiial Thvon/ (Oxford. 1880) ; Scott, I'rancii: Uutchc- son (Cambridge. 1900). HUTCHINS, Thomas (1730 89). An Ameri- can geographer. He was born in New .Jersey; entered the British Army at an early age, and partici])ated in the French and Indian War. Being in London in 1779. he was imprisoned on suspicion of favoring American independence; but escaped by way of France, went to Charleston, S. C. entered the Continental Army, and wa.s appointed 'geographer-general' by General Greene. He was the author of several geographical works, including a Toj>ograi>hical Description of ^'ir- iiinia. rcnn.sj/lvnnia, Maryland, and Xorlh Caro- lina (1778), and lli,<:torii, Sarralivc and Topo- graphical Dcicripliun of Louisiana and Wcf't Florida { 17.*^ I i . HUTCHINSON. A city and the county-seat of Eeno County, Kan., 23.5 miles southwest of Kansas City, Mo. ; on the Arkansas River, and on the .Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Mis- souri Pacific, and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads (Map: Kaasas, E 3). It has a fine courthouse. Riverside and Hutchinson parks, ii public library, and the State Industrial Reformatory, the building covering fift<'en acres of the entire 040 included in the grounds. The city is the centre of an agricultural and stock- laising district, and has an important wholesale trade, and extensive manufactures of salt, large deposits of rock salt being found here. Settled in 1872. Hutchinson was incorporated two years later. Its government is administered under a charter of 1872 which provides for a mayor, elcct<>d biennially, and a unicameral council. Population, in 189p, 8082; in 1900, 9379. HUTCHINSON, Anne (c. 15901643). A re- ligious cnlluisiast. of .merican celebrity, born in Lincolnshire, England. ir)9fl or 1591. She was a davightcr of Rev. Francis Marbury, married William Hutchinson. 1612, and emigrated to Bos- ton. Mass.. in 1634. Living in a community ))rone to religious excitement, she claimed to be a medium of divine revelation, and held meet- ings for women, in which she set forth the dw- trine that those who were in the covenant of grace were not under the covenant of works, which was considered as Antinomian by the State clergv*. and likely to have sad practical conse- quences. Great controversies arose, and a synod was called, in which her teachings were con- demned, and .she was banished from the Colony. She and her friends now obtained from the cliief of till' N"arragan.set Indians libert}' to reside in Rhode Island, where they set up a community on the highly commendable principle that no one was to be 'accounted a delinquent for doctrine' (1038). and founded the town of Portsmouth. After the death of her husband (who shared her opinions), in 1642, she removed to the west of