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HTJTTEN. 351 HUTTON. published his first poem. In 1507 he followed Rhegius to Leipzig. He was stricken down with the pestilence in the following year, but recov- ered, and at Wittenberg in 1511 published his Ars crsificatoria. During these years he led Ihe life of a wandering poet, subsisting on the bounty of those who admired his talents or feared his mordant wit. In 1512 he went to Pavia to study law. He had been there only a short time when the city was plundered by the Swiss, and Hutten was deprived of all he possessed. For a short time he sen-cd as a soldier in the Impe- rial army, but soon returned to Germany, where he boldly entered into a quarrel with the Duke of Wurttemberp, who had murdered a kinsman of Ulrich's, and brought about the Duke's punish- ment. In the dispute between Reuchlin (q.v.) and the Dominicans, Hutten came to the .support of the former, and displayed no small learning and great power of satire. He went again to Italy in 1515, to take the degree of doctor of laws, and returned to his native country in 1517. He was crowned with the poets' laurel crown at Augsburg by the Emperor Maximilian, who c-onferred on him the honor of knighthood. While in Italy Hutten had become imbued with a fierce hatred for the Papacy, which he bitterly attacked in his preface to an edition of Laurentius Valla's De Donaiione Constantini, published in 1517. In the following year he accompanied his patron, Albert, Archbishop of JIainz, to the Diet of Augs- burg, where Luther had his famous conference with Cajetan. Subsequently he established a small printing press of his own, and employed himself in putting forth pamphlets written in the German language violently attacking the Pope and the Roman clergj-. Tlie Archbishop Albert denounced him at Rome, whereupon Hutten took sides with Luther, whom he had hitherto affected to despise. Persecuted by his enemies, he availed himself of the protection of Franz von Sickingen, but was forced to flee from the latter's castle after a two years' residence (1520- 22). Going to Easel, he was coldly received by Erasmus, who did not approve of his extreme measures, and a breach took place between the two men which culminated in a great literary quarrel. From this time Hutten was compelled to adopt a wandering life. He died August 23. 1523, on the island of Ufnau in the Lake of Zurich. Hutten was more open in the expression of his opinions than any other man. probably, of his age. He did much to prepare the way for the Reformation and to promote it. He was a master of the Latin language, and excelled in satirical and passionate invective. His literary life is generally divided into three periods: (1) Period of Latin poems (1509-10): (2) period of letters and orations {1515-17); (3) period of dialogues and letters in Latin and German (1517-23). In all he published some forty-five different works, but his most noteworthy contribution to litera- ture was his portion of the immortal Epistol(E Obscurorum Tirorum (q.v.). Hutten's collected works. Opera Omnia, were published at Leipzig in seven volumes (1859-70) under the editorship of Biicking. Among several biographies by Ger- man authors that hv Strauss (6th ed.. Bonn, 1805). abridged in Enslish hy Sturse (London. 1874). is especially to he recommended. Consult also: the mnnosrraphs hv Reichenbaeh (Leipzic. 1877), and Schall (Halle. 1890); and Szama- t61ski, Vlrich von Hutten's deutsche Schriftrn (Strassburg, 1891). A good brief sketch in English is Jordan, "A Knight of the Order of Poets," in The tilory of the Innumerable Com- pany (San Francisco, 1896). HUTTER, hut'ter, Leo-NHAbd (1503-1616). A German Lutheran theologian, bom at Xellin- gen, near Ulm. He studied at the universities of Strassburg, Leipzig, Heidelberg, and Jena, and after lecturing at Jena for several years, an- swered a call to Wittenberg. He was "one of the most resolute and influential representatives of the Lutheran faith, and was knonn as Redonatus Lutherus. He attacked the Calvinist doctrines in his Concordia Concor» (1614), which he wrote as an answer to Hospinian's Concordia Discors (1607). HUTTON, Chakles (1737-1823). A self-edu- cated English mathematician, bom at Xewcastle- on-Tyne, of humble parentage. He received most of his education in a school at .Jesmond, where, at the age of eighteen, he became master. The number of pupils having increased, he, in 1760, opened a mathematical school in Newcastle, and also tauglit mathematics at the Head School of the city. Among his pupils was John Scott, afterwards Lord Eldon, Chancellor of England. In 1770 he was engaged by the city of Newcastle to draw up an accurate map of the city and the suburbs. He became professor of mathematics in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich (1773), and the following year was made a fellow of the Royal Society. He made important contributions to the Philosophical Transactions, and in 1778 gained the Copley medal for his papers on "Force of Exploded Gunpowder," and "Velocities of Balls." He was appointed by the Royal Society to determine tjie mean density and mass of the earth. His report appeared in the Philosophical Transactions for 1778. In 1779 he was made for- eign secretarj- of the Royal Society, but resigned in 1783. Owing to failing health, he resigned his professorship in 1807, and was granted a pen- sion of £500 a year. He was editor of the Ladies' Diary from 1774 to 1817. The most important of bis works are. besides those mentioned above: The Diarian Miscellany (1775); Mathematical Tables (1785) ; Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary (1795); A Course of Mathematics (1793 and subsequent editions): Recreations in Mathematics and Xatural Philosophy, from the French of ilontuela (4 vols., 1803) ; "On Cubic Equations and Infinite Series," in the Phil- osophical Transactions for 1780. HTJTTON, Frederick Remse:^ (18.53—). An .■American mechanical engineer, born in New York City, and educated at Colun^bia College, and the School of Mines, where he became assistant on being graduated, and in 1891 professor of me- chanical engineering. In 1883 he had been elected secretary of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and in 1892 became an associate editor of the Enrrineering Marjatrine, and in 1893 became an editor of Johnson's Cyclo- p<tdia. Hutton wrote reports on machine tools for the Census of 1880: and Mechanical Engi- ncen'nf! of Potter Plants (1897). HTJTTON, jAires (1726-97). An eminent British creologist. He was born in Edinburgh, and educated at the university in that city. -After sen-ing a year's apprenticeship in a l.Vw office, he relinquished his plan of joining the legal profession, and entered fipon the study of medi-