Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/489

ICE INDUSTRY. 427 ICE INDUSTRY. first cut in one direction, then another series is cut at right angles to the first. The final grooves extend nearly through the ice, so that the Marker with vatcry vapors above the stored ice. Railway sidings, or docics, or both, afford means for ship- ping the iee to distributing centres. Specially constructed cars, with lined .aides and bottoms, are used where ice is to be shipped long distances, and in the South the cakes are carefully packed in addition. Fig. 1. ICE TOOLS. cakes may readily be pried apart by means of suitable tools. When the latter operation has been effected the cakes are lloated to the shore llirough channels provided for the purpo.se, and there elevators, generally inclined, lift the ice to the ice-houses. The cakes are packed close Two -Prong Fork Bar. Three-Prong Fork Bar. Four- Prong Fork Bar. mz >" — J Calking Bar. Breaking Bar FlO. 2. ICE TOOLS. together, with sawdust or other insulating luate- ri:il above the final layer, and between the ice and the outer walls of the ice-house. The ice- houses are generally tall structures, with outer walls composed of one to three compartments. rrobaI)ly the most approved plan is to have an outer compartment in which the air is allowed to circulate: an inner or dead-air compartment; and a central space packed tightly with sawdust. The bottom of the ice-house must be well drained, and ample provision must be made for ventila- tion in order to prevent the accumulation of Vol. X.-28. Hook. Elevator feeding Fork. Chain Scoop Net. 1^^ 4 Sieve Shovel. Hook Chisel. m::::^ Splitring Chisel. Needle Bar. S "p ^^llllllM Trimmer Bar. Fig. 3. ICE TOOLS. Besides the ice tools already named (snow- scraper, ice-plane, marker, and plow) the follow- ing may be mentioned: Augers and tapjiing-axes for inspecting the ice and for draining it of surface water; saws; forked and pronged and chisel and needle bars, for separating the cakes p.fter the markers and plows have done their work; trimmer bars for squaring the cakes, and hooks, grapples, and forks, for pushing them to the elevator; chain scoop-nets and sieve shovels, for removing slush ice from the cliannels ; hoist- ing, drag, and edging tongs, adzes and long- handled chisels for packing the ice in the houses; .saws and bars for loosening the ice preparatory to shipment from the houses; and, finally, de- livery wagons, tongs, saws, axes, shaves, and scales. Artificial Ice. A sketch of the development of ice-making apparatus and descriptions of the principles and practices inv(dved will be found under Refrii^eratiox. The following figures re- garding the growth of the industry in this covin- iry are taken from the section on the Manufac- ture of I<e Industry in the Twelfth Census of (he United States. The first ice factory of im- portance in this country was erected at New Orleans in ISfifi. In 1870 three other factories were included in the census returns. The num- ber of establishments reported increased to 25 in 1880, 222 in 1800, and 787 in 1900. The total capital invested in these 787 plants was .^.•JS.204,0.54. and the value of the proilucts was $1.S.874..t1.3. These figures, like those previously given for natural ice. do not include the hun- dreds of plants making ice exclusively for their