Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/73

HIDALGO Y COSTILLA. 57 HIEN FUNG. s^aint of Mexico, aud gave to his insunectioii the character of a crusade. He took the towns of (iuuiiajiiato and Guadahijara, and with an army of 50,000 men marched on Mexico, defeatinj; ou the way a small force of soldiers .sent to oppose him. But the decree of e.xconununication launched against him, and the discord prevailing among his lieutenants, caused his forces to melt away, and forced liim to retreat, lie succeeded, however, in reuniting his men to meet the army sent against him by the Government, but his disorderly mob of 100.000 men were pitilessly crushed by the onset of tiOOO Spanish veterans, January 17, 1811. Hidalgo fled and set out for the United States to procure assistance, but was captured, degraded from his priestly oMicc, and shot. Some years later he was extolled as a saint, and the new-born republic erected a raag- niticent statue to him. HIIKDENITE. A yellow-green to emerald- green variety of spodumene, discovered in 1879 by V. E. Hidden, in Alexander County, N. C. The transparent crystjils. when cut and polished, resemble the emerald in lustre, although the color is not so intense as in the finer varieties of the latter gem. Hiddenite has a specific gravity of 3.19, and gems of 2^^ carats in weight have been cut from it. When first introduced it aroused considerable interest on account of its novelty as an American gem. It is sometimes called the lithia eo'erald. HIDE (AS. hid, higed, hlgid, from ONorthum- brian hlgan, AS. huran. members of a family). In Anglo-Saxon law, the family estate, corre- sponding to the hubu of early Ciermanic law. It consisted apparently of a fann. or allotment, of definite extent, though its size varied greatly at diircrent periods of German and English history. The normal hide at the time of the Conquest was 120 acres. But the term does not seem to have been eni[)loyed to denote a unit of land measure-, ment. but a definite parcel of land in the nature of a homestead, owned in severalty by the bead of a family. As such, however, it was used by the Saxon kings as a unit of taxation, the amount assessed on each hide Ijeing known as hhlc-gild. After the Conquest the term gradually changes its meaning and comes to designate a measure of land, but its signification is not free from ob- scurity at any period of its history. See Pollock and Maitland. Hislorii of English Lair (2d ed., Boston, 1899) ; Stubbs, Consfitutioiial Ilistanj of England (Oxford, 1880) : .Tenks, hati-' and Politics in the Middle Ages (New^ York, 1898) ; Seebohm, English Vilhige Community ; Maitland, Domes- dng Hook and. Beyond. HIDEYOSHI, he'dayo'sh*, Toyotomi (153G- 98). A .Japanese warrior and statesman, the son of a peasant. He was born in the village of Na- kamura. .Aichi Ken. province of Owari, in l.'i.^G; became groom to Xobunaga (q.v.). who made him a soldier. He speedily distinguished himself by his military talents, ami in 1.575 was by Xo- bunaga created lord of Cbikuzen, and was al- lowed to change his family name to Hash- iba. On the death of oIiunaga in 1582 he took such vigorous action that he became in 1580 the practical ruler of the Empire under the title of Knanibakn. or regent, a high ofiice that had been resered exclusively for members of the Fujiwara (q.v.l family. In 1591 he nominally retired in favor of his son Hidetsugu, taking, as was customary in such circumstances, the title of 'laiko, hence popularly known as Taikosama. In 1592 he dispatched a large army to Korea to con- quer it as a preliminary step in the conquest of China, but the expedition met with disaster, the Emjx'ror of China having sent a large army to the assistance of the Koreans, and after his death at Kioto in 1598 it was recalled. Displeased with the cimduct and teachings of the .Jesuits, he or- dered their expulsion, but no steps were taten to carry out this edict until 159B, when several Franciscan priests, Jesuits, and native Christians were crucified at Nagasaki. A monument in his honor was erected at Kioto in 1890. He had many names: Toyotomi he receive<l from the Emp<'ror. His posthumous name is Tojokuni. Consult: Adams. History of Japan (London, 1874) ; Den- ing, Life of Hideyoshi (Tokio, 1889) ; Grifiis, The Mikado's Empire (New York, 1900) ; and Brink- lev, Japan, Its History, Arts, and Literature (8 vols., beautifully illustrated. Boston, 1901-02). HIEL, hpl. Emanuel (18.'54-99). A Flemish poet, born at Dendermonde. At first he was a bookseller: then he obtained a minor Government appointment and later the position of professor of oratory at the Brussels Conservatory, and librarian of the Industrial Mu.seum in the same city. He is generally considered the chief Flem- ish lyri.st of recent times. Among his longer poems are Jacobaa van Beieren (18G7: new ed. 1880) and Bloemardinne (1877). In addition to these there are the collections yicuwe licdckcns ( 1801 ) ; Oedichlen ( 1803) ; Bloemeken een lieder- krans ( 1877 ) ; and some verses for children, Licderen voor groote en kleine kinderen. many of which were adapted to well-known melodies, and some of which were set to music by 'an Gheluwe, Liedersolfege (1875). Hiel's greatest works are the poems Lucifer and Dc Sichelde, for which Benoit composed oratorio settings; Vrijheids- hymniis (music by Richard Hoi); and Prome- theus ( 1808 ) . An edition of his poetry, VolUdige dichtuerkcn. was published in 1885. HIEN FUNG, hyen fung, or HSIEN FENG, syen feng. The name of the period during which I-chu. the seventh Emperor of the present Man- chu dynasty of China, ruled: lut the name is comnumly transferred from the jH'riod to the Em- I)eror himself. He was the fourth son of the Emperor Tao-Kwang, was born in 1831, and suc- ceeded to the throne in 1850, but his reign, ac- cording to custom, dates only from the following year. He proved to be a weakling. At the be- ginning of his. reign the Tai-ping Hebellion broke out in Canton Province: horde^, of fanatics and lawless persons joined the standard of the "Prince of Peace,' as the leader. Hung Hsii-Chiian. styled himself: half the country was devastated, and twenty millions are said to have been put to the sword. The rebellion would have taxed a stronger man. but able statesmen and gcii- erals arose, and in 18ri4 this greatest of all rebellions was crushed. Meanwhile a war with Great Britain had been precipitated in 1857 by an outrage on the British llag. Canton was for a second time taken by British troops, the Taku forts at the mouth of the Peiho were cap- tured, and a treaty was concluded in 1858 open- ing more new ports, throwing the country open to travelers, permitting the preaching and the prac- tice of Christianity, aud calling for more indem- nity. In the following year, as the British envoy