Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/823

lONA. 733 IONIA. a grant of the island from his kinsman, Conall, King of the Scots, and later from Bruide, King (if the Picts, he built upon it a monastery, which was long regarded as the mother church of the Picts, and was venerated not only among the Scots of Britain and Ireland, but among the Angles of the north of England, who owed their conversion to the missionaries of lona. From the end of the sixth to the end of the eighth century the monastery of lona was scarcely sec- ond to any monastery in the British Isles. The island was several times invaded between the eighth and tenth centuries by the heathen Norse- men, and the buildings were burned and the monks ?laughtered. Toward the close of the eleventh eei:tury the monastery was repaired by Saint Margaret, the wife of King Malcolm Cainnore, and was visited in 1097 by King Magnus the Barefooted, of Norway. It was now part of that kingdom, and so fell under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Bishop of Man and the Arch- l>ishop of Trondh jeni. In 120.3 the bishops of the north of Jreland disputed the authority of the -Maii.x bishop, pulled dora a monastery which he had begun to build in the island, and placed the abbey under the rule of an Irish Abbot of Derry. The Scottish Church had long claimed jurisdiction in lona, and before the end of the thirteenth century the island fell under the rule of the Scottish King. Its abbey- was now peojiled by monks of Cluny. and a nun- nery of Austin canonesses was planted on its shores. At the beginning of the sixteenth cen- tury the island again became the seat of the bishopric of the isles. No remains of Saint Columba's monastery now exist. The most an- cient ruins are. those of the Benedictine monas- tery of 1203. Saint Oram's Chapel, now the oldest church in the island, may probably be of the latter part of the eleventh century. Saint Mary's Nunnery is, perhaps, a century later. The cathedral of Saint Marv"'s Church seems to have been built chiefly in the early part of the thirteenth centurj'. It has a choir with a sa- cristy on the north side and chapels on the south side: north and south transepts: a cen- tral tower, about 7.5 feet high; and a nave. An inscription on one of the columns appears to show that it was the work of an Irish ecclesi- astic who died in 1202. On the north of the cathedral are the chapter-house and other re- mains of the conventual or monastic buildings. The 'Reilig Oran,' or ancient burial-ground, is supposed to contain bodies of a number of Irish, Scotch, and Danish kings, but no monuments of these princes now remain. Consult Fowler, Adamnani Vita. .'?. Cohimbw (Oxford and Lon- don, 1898). lONI, or INIES. A small tribe of American Indians, originally (till 1840) on the Brazos River. Tex., and afterwards on the Wichita Reservation, Oklahoma. lO'iriA (Lat., from Gk. 'Iwifn. earlier 'Inoifo, J aonia, for *'laf:oi'ia. Iiivonia, Skt. Yariinn). The ancient name of the district occupying the centre of the western coast of Asia Minor from (ap- proximately) the River Hermus in the north to Mount Latmus in the south. It received its name from the Tonians, who, according to the mythological account, derived theirs from Ton (q.A-.). the son of .pollo by Creusa. a daugh- ter of a King of .thens. .Vccording to the usual- ly received tradition, they were driven out of the Peloponnesus by the Dorians, and removed to Attica, whence bands of them went forth to settle on the coast of Asia (see below in the ac- count of the lonians). Here in historical times we find a league of twelve cities, whose centre was the Panionium, a sanctuary of Posei- don Heliconius on the promontory of Myeale. The twelve cities, beginning at the north," were Phocsea, Clazomenie, Erythra, Chios (island), Teos, Lebedos, Colophon. Ephesus, Samos (isl- and), Priene, Myus, Miletus. The cities flour- ished and sent out many colonies both to the north along the Propontis and Black Sea, and to the west. During the seventh century B.C. they sulfered from the Cimmerian invasion of Asia Minor, and later were involved in wars with the Lydian kings, to whom in the sixth century they seem to have yielded a nominal submission, and in turn to have exercised a powerful influence upon I.ydian art and life. The Persian conquest of Lydia, about B.C. 546, led to the reduction of the Ionian and other Greek cities. They were left to the government of their own tyrants, and merely paid a regular tribute, though nominally under the Satrap of Lydia and Ionia, whose resi- dence was at Sardis. About n.c. 500 the Ionian cities revolted from Persia. The insurrection col- lapsed with the naval victory of the Persians at Lade in B.C. 494 and the fall of Miletus in the same year. The aid lent to the lonians by the Greeks gave Darius a pretext for his onslaught upon Greece. On the defeat of the Persians at ilycale by the Athenians and Spartans (b.c. 479) . the cities of Asia Minor again revolted, and joined the Delian League. They remained de- jiendent on Athens until the close of the Pelo- ponnesian War (B.C. 404), when they quickly fell under Persian rule again, where they remained till the conquests of Alexander the Great. From this period Ionia shared the fate of the neighbor- ing countries, and in B.C. 64 was added to the Roman Empire by Pompey. after the third Mith- ridatic war. In later times it was so ravaged by the Turks that few traces of its former great- ness are now left. The name Ionian was not confined to the Greeks of Ionia. In historic times it denoted one of the great divisions of the Greek race, occupy- ing Attica and Eubtea, and the most of the is- lands of the -Egean, as well as the stretch of coast in Asia Slinor, and, of course, the col- onies sent from these regions. It seems prob- able that these were the first Greeks known to the East, as their name was adopted by Eastern nations to denote the Greeks. They were dis- tinguished by a dialect distinct fnmi the Dorian and North Greek, though containing several va- rieties, and seem also to have possessed greater artistic and literary ability, though also .a greater tendency to luxury and ea.se, and a less vigorous and hardy character. It is generally believed that they came from the mainland of Greece, and gradually spread over their later territory. The movement may well have begun as early as the twelfth century n.c, but probably received its main impulse from the Dorian inva- sion, and its attendant migrations. This view was opposed by E. Curtius. who declared the lonians had originally come into Asia Minor from the north and crossed from there to the islands and Attica. More recently Bury, while admitting that the lonians of history came from