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HILDESHEIM. 75 HILGARD. ninth, Gcschichte von Uochstift und Stadl Eil- dcsheim (ilildesheim, 18(J3) ; Bauer, (Jeschichte ran HHdcsheim (ib., 1891) : Holzer, Der Hildes- heimer antilce Silbcrfund (ib.. 1870); Lachnor, Die Hoharclii I chilli- Hildcshcims (ib., 1882). HIL'DRETH, RiciiARU (1807-G5). An Ameri- can historian, bom at Deeriield, Mass. He gradu- ated at Harvard College in 1826, studied law, and began to practice in Boston in 1830. In 18.32, however, he abandoned his profession to become editor of the Boston Alias. In the autumn of 1834, being 'out of lieallh, he went to the South, where he resided nearly two years on a sl.ave plantation in Florida, and used his oppor- tunity to study the workings of slavery. The result was a powerful anti-slavery novel, pub- lished in 1837 under the title of The l^lave, or a Memoir of Archy Moore. It was reprinted in England, and in 1852 was republished in America under the title of The White Hlace. When the annexation of Texas began to attract attention, he published in the Boston Alias a series of articles which did much to intensify the hostility of the Northern people to that scheme. After publishing a Uis.toty of Uanlcs (1837) he passed the winter of 1837-38 in Washington as corre- spondent of the Atlas, and, upon his return to his editorial chair, entered wannly into the cam- paign for the election to the Presidency of (ien- eral Harrison, a life of whom he published in 1839. A year later (1840) he translated Du- mont's version of Bcntham's Theory of Lec/isla- Hon. The same year appeared his Despotism in America, a work on the political, economical, and .social aspects of slavery. A second edition with an added chapter was issued in 1854. From 1840 to 1843 he resided in Demerara. British fJuiana, busying him.self in editing two free-labor news- papers. Afler his return he published a Theori/ of Morals (1844) and a Theory of Politics {1S5S) . The work, however, for which be is most remem- bered is his History of the United States, in six volumes (1849-50), in which he attempts to present the founders of the Republic in their true character, without trying to heighten their virtues or disguise their mistakes and faults. The first three volumes treat the period from 1492 to 1789; the second three from 1789 to the close of Monroe's first term (1821). The bias is Federalist, the treatment accurate and vigor- ous ; but the graces of style are lacking, and the work is more consulted than read. In 1855 Ilil- dreth published Japan as It llVi.s and /s. and in 1850 Atrocious Jiidf/es, based on Campbell's Lives. I'cir several years, ending with tlie inau- guration of Lincoln as President, ho was engaged on the stair of tile New York Tribune. He went abroad in the summer of 18G1 as I'nited States consul at Triest, and died in Florence. HILES, llEiM-nY (1826—). An English musi- cian, born at Shrewsbury. He studied nuisic with liis brother .John, a well-known organist, and, after holding various positions as organist, be- came in 1870 lecturer on harmony and counter- point at Owens College, Manchester, and three years later at Victoria T'niversity. In 1807 he had received the degree of Doctor of Music. He was co-founder of the National Society of Pro- fe.ssinnal Musicians (1SS2) : for a tim^^ jimfessor of harmony and counterpoint at the Hoya! Man- ehesfcr College of Music; and in 1885 became editor of the Quarterly Musical Review. His Vol. X.— 6. compositions, which are popular in England, in- clude the oratorios David (1800). The Patriarchs (1872), cantatas, anthems, psalms, songs, odes, and music for the organ and piano. Hi-s best- known treatises are: Harmony of Sounds (3 editions, 1871, 1872, 1878) ; Part Writing, or Modern Counterpoint (1884) ; and Harmony ver- sus Vounterpoint (1894). HILFERDING, hll'fer-ding, Alexandeb Fedorovitch ( 1831-72). A Russian author, born at Moscow, of German stock. He studied in the city of his birth, and after travels abroad de- voted himself to historical and ethnographic studies. An ardent Panslavist, he wrote: On the Servians and liulgarians (translated into German by Schnialer, 1856-67) ; a history of the Baltic Slavs (1855) ; a history of their struggle with Germany in the Middle Ages (1861); and the vers- unscientific discussions of the relation of the Slavic languages to Sanskrit (1853), and to the allied languages (1853). His greatest work is the collection of popular songs, in the search for wliieh he lost his life. The collec- tion was edited by Hiltebrant (Saint Peters- burg. 1873). Hilferding's complete works were published 1868-74. HIL'GARD, ErcEXE WoLUEMAB (1833—). A German-American agricult'ural chemist and ge- ologist, boni at Zweibriicken, Rhenish Bavaria. He studied at Zurich and elsewhere, came to America in 1835, but subsequently returned to complete his studies, receiving the degree of Ph.D. at Heidelberg, in 1853. In 1858 he was appointed State Geologist of Mississippi, and at the close of the Civil War resigned to become professor of chemistry at the University of Mississippi. From 18f)8 to 1875 he was pro- fessor of geology and natural history in the I'niversity of Michigan, and in 1875 was made professor of agricultural chemistry and director of the agricultural experiment station at the Uni- versity of California. In 1894 he received the Liebig medal for distinguished services to agri- culture, from the Munich Academy of Sciences. .As a member of the Northern Transcontinental Survey, he devoted three years (1880-83) to a study of the agricultural capabilities of Oregon, Washington, and Montana. His investigations on the chemistry and physics of soil, and the reclamation of alkali lands, resulted in important, contributions to agricultural science. Much of his work may be found recorded in the publica- tions of the California Agricultural Experiment Station. HILGARD, -TuLius Erasmus (1825-91). A German-American engineer. He was born in Zweibriicken, Rhenish Bavaria, went to Illinois in 1835; studied engineering, and was employed in the coast survey service. In 1802 he had chief charge of the office, and supervision under the Treasury Department of weights and meas- ures. He was one of the members of the Metric Commission at Paris in 1872. and was made a ineniber of the permanent committee. In 1875 he was juesident of the .merican Association for the Advancement of Science, and from 1881 to 1885 su|x>rintendent of the United States Coast Survey. HILGARD, TiieoiiobeChari.es (1828-75). An .merican physician and scientist, born in Zwei- briicken, Germany. He came to America in 1835, and began his professional work in Saint Louis.