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JORDAN. 289 JORDANUS. feriodes des fonctions inverses des intigrales des diljfcrentklUs alychriqxus (ISUO). The uext year lie was made engineer of mines, and in 1885 he was promoted to the rank of chief engineer. From 1872 he has devoted himself to the teaching of mathematics. In 1870 he was made professor of analysis at the Polytechnic School, and in 1883 he succeeded Liouville in the chair of mathematics at the College de France. In 1881 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences in the place of Jlichel Chasles. Jordan is one of the most noted of French mathematicians, and has gained a wide reputation on account of his dis- coveries in geometry and analysis. He has ap- plied himself especially to the theory of sub- stitutions, and has made important applications of this theory to algebraic and linear differential equations. He is recognized in France as one of the greatest teachers of the H-dimensional geom- etry. The results of iiis investigations have ap- peared in the form of memoirs to the number of more than a hundred, published chiedy in the Journal fiir Mathematik ; Annali di Uatcmatica ; LiouiiUc's Journal: Mathematische Annalen; Comptes Rendus : and the Journal de I'Ecole Poll/technique. Besides these contributions he lia.s published two works: Thcorie des substitu- iions et des eiiuations algehriques (1870) ; Cours d'analif^e de I'Eeole Polytechnique (3 vols., 1882- «7; 2d'ed. 1803-95). JORDAN, yor'dan. Rudolf (1810-87). A iiemian genre paintei-, born in Berlin, where he became a pupil of Wach. He then studied from nature in the island of Riigen. and having won success with his first picture. "Interior of Pilot's Home" (1831. now owned by the German Em- peror), went to Diisseldorf in 1833 to continue his studies at the Academy under Schadow and Karl Sohn. and made his mark with "An Offer of Marriage in Heligoland" ( 1834, Xational Gal- lery. Berlin). Frequent journeys to the coasts of Holland. Belgium, and France furnished him v."ith the subjects for the clever delineations from •the life of fishermen and sailors, to which there- after he devoted his brush almost exclusively, <lepicting it with poetic conception and equal skill ■en its humorous and serious sides. Out of the great number of these characteristic scenes, sev- ■eral of which became widely kno«-n through re- productions, may be mentioned: "Return of the Pilots" (1836):" "Boat-Hawsing in Xormandv" (1843) ; "The Pilot's Death" (185(5) ; "Old Jlen's Home on the Coast of Holland" (18641: and '•The Widow's Comfort" (1866), all in the Xa- tional Gallery. Berlin ; "Shipwreck on the Coast of Xormandv" (1848. Dresden Gallery). "Soup for the Sick." and "The First Child" (1862). Diis- .seldorf Gallery: "First Visit After the Wedding" ( 1861 ) , and "Soup-Day at a French Convent" (1868). Leipzig iluseinn. His pictures of popu- lar life in Italy, which he visited in 1877-78, are less satisfactory-. He did e.Kcellent work in water- colors and was also favorably known as an illus- trator and etcher. He was professor at the Diis- seldorf Academy, and received the great gold medal at the Berlin Exhibition in 1886. JOR'DAN, T^o^rAS (1810-05). An American soldier and journalist, born in the Luray Valley in Virginia. He graduated at West Point in 1840 in the same class with Sherman and Thomas; «erved in the Seminole and Mexican wars: and in 1861 resisned to enter the Confederate army. He commanded the forces at the first battle of Bull Run until the arrival of Beauregard, whose chief of staff iie became. After .Shiloh he was promoted lo the rank of brigadier-general, and after service with Bragg returned lo Beaure- gard's staff, and was active in the defense of Charleston. In 1869 he joined the Cuban revolu- tionists, was made their chief commander, and won the battle o{ Guaimaro, but resigned soon afterwards. He edited the Memphis Appeal (1866 to 1869), and wrote, with J. B. Pryor, The Cam- paigns of Lieutenant-General Forrest (1868). Upon his return to New York he became editor of the Financial and Mining Record. He wrote a valuable criticism of the Confederate war policy for Harper's Magazine (1865). JORDAN, yor'dan, Wiluelm (1819-1004). A German pcpct. He was born at Insterburg, East Prussia: studied from 1838 to 1842 at Kiinigs- berg; became an exponent of liberalism and of the Yoimg Hegelian philosophy and published two books of poems, Irdisehe Phantasicn (1842) and Schaum (1846). Banished from Saxony by rea- son of his radical tendencies in politics and re- ligion, he went to Berlin, and in 1848 was elected a member of the National Assembly at Frank- fort. He was subsequently secretary of the naval board in the short-lived Imperial ilinistry (1848), and held other offices. His best-known works are his two epics — Demiurgos (1852-54), deeply metaphysical and rather an exposition of the Voung Hegelian philosophic system than a true epic, and Xihcluuge (1868-74). in which he sought to revive both the matter and manner of ancient Germanic poetry. As a wandering rhap- sodi-st Jordan recited this epic with great success in Europe and America. He wrote some other volumes — criticism, poetry, and prose fiction. Consult Schiffner, Wilhelm Jordan (Frankfort, 1889). JORDANES, jor-d;"i'nez. A historian of the sixth century, formerly erroneously called Jor- nandes. He was probably an Alan and a na- tive of Lower Mcesia. In his early years he was .secretarj' to one of the rulers of the Alans; later he became a monk, and possibly a bishop. The work by which he has become famous is his De Rehus (leiicis, usually called Getica, written about the year 5.52, while he was living in or near Ravenna. This is very little more than a condensation of the Gothic History of Cassiodorus (q.v.) . But as the latter has been lost, the Getica of .Jordanes is of prime importance for the early history of the Goths. Moreover, his work has preserved many German legends and is also of some importance for philologists. The second work which he wrote, a summary of Roman his- tory, named De Summa Temporum rel Origine Actihusque Gentis Romanorum. usually called Romana, is of little value. Of the numerous edi- tions of both works the best is by Mommsen, in the Monurnenta Germanicr Uistorica. Auctores An- iiquissimi. vol. v. (Berlin. 1882). Consult: Mommsen's introduction : Hodgkin's discussion in vol. i. of his Itah/ and Tier Invaders (Oxford, 1880); Pottliast. ' /{i/i/io^ftecn Historica Medii .Evi (2d ed.. Berlin, 1896). JORDA'NTJS, Nemorarits, also called .Torda- Ni's DE Saxoxia (?-1236). A mathematician of the thirteenth century, born at Borgentreich, Diocese of Paderborn. He studied at Paris, where he gained a great reputation, and in 1220 was elected to succeed Saint Dominic. With the