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JOSSELYN. 298 JOUBERT. >er, 1C39. It was nut, until Ui(i3 that lie again returned to New Enylaml. He luund his brother still at Searliurougli. and remained in Anieriea until Deceniher, 1U71, traveling extensively through the other settlements in New England, and noting faets as to their government, history, social life, and products. Upon his return to England he published his observations in two books. The first was entitled Xew England's Jiarities Discovered in Birds, Beasts, Fihcs, iSer- penis and I'ldiits of that Country (1072, re- printed in Boston, 1805). His second and morn valuable book from the historical point of view is An Account of Tiro Voyages to }iew England, wherein you have the setting out of a shiji with the charges ... a description of the coun- try, natives and creatures icith their mcrehantil and physical use; the government of the coun- try, ... a large chronological table of the most remarkable passages from the first discovery of the continent of Atnerica to the year lG~.i (London, 1074; reprinted, Boston, 1809; also in Collections of the ilassaehusetts Historical Society for 1834). JOST, yost, LSAAK Makkus (1793-1800). A German-Hebrew historian. He studied philology at Gottingen and Berlin, and was principal of a school in tlie latter city in 1820-35 and subse- quently of the Jewish lienlsrhulc at Frankfort. His principal works are: Gcschiehte der Israeli- ten (9 vols., 1820-29; to which was added a tenth volume in 1849, entitled Xeuere Gcschiehte der Israeliten von 1815-45) ; Allgemeuie Gc- schiehte des israelitischen Yolkes (2 vols.. 1831- 32) ; a translaticm (into German) of the Mishnn, ■with text and eonnnentary (0 vols., 1832-34) : and Gcschiehte des Judentums nnd seiner <S'efc- ten (3 vols., 1857-59). He also edited a journal entitled Israelitische Annalen (1839-41). JOTA, lU/tk. A Spanish dance in a time, •especially popular in Aragon. It is danced by •couples and somewhat resembles a waltz, though there are many extempore variations of step. Its rapid, striking music is furnished by mandolins, castanets, and a song, whose couplets are often extemporized and are of a satirical or romantic character. The jota is sometimes danced as a solenui rite at funerals. JOTTJNHEIM, yo'toim-htm (Iccl., giants' home). In Xorse niythologj-, a region of cold and darkness, extending around the rim of the earth, the abode of the fro.st giants. JOTUNN, yo'twn (Tcel., giant, devourer) . In Norse mythology, a race of giants and magicians, generally hostile to human beings, dwelling in caves in .Jotunheim, and carrying on constant ■warfare with the powers of light. Originally giants of the storm, they aie pictured as having powder over the forces of nature. They are the enemies of Tlior, ■who prevents their attempt to storm heaven. JOUBERT, zlioo'bar', Bartii£lemy Catiierin.-j (1709-90). A French Revolutionary' general, bom at Pont-de-Vaux, Ain. Though educated for the career of an advocate, Joubert en- listed aa a volunteer in 1791, served in the Army of the Rhine, and. four years later, was made a general of brigade for lirilliant service. In the Italian campaign of 1790-97 he acted as second in command to Bonaparte, being made general of division. He distinguished himself at the siege of Mantua and in the battle ot Kivoli, in January, 1797; took Trent in the fol- lowing year and led :i French army of invasion into Tyrol, ell'ecting a junction with Napoleon. He subsequently eonnnanded in Holland and on the Khine, and in 1798 was made head of the Army of Italy. He overran Piedmont and forced King Charles Emmanuel to abdicate. In June, 1799, he was made commamlant of Paris, but soon after was sent to rejjhue Moreau in Italy, where he gained slight advantages over the com- bined Russian and Austrian forces, but was de- feated by Suvarolt at Novi, where he fell mor- tally W(ninded, August 15tli. His biography has been written by Chevrier (2d ed., Paris, 1884). JOUBERT, Jo.sEPH (1754-1824). A note- worthy French philosopher, born at Montignac (Perigord). He stiulied at the College of Tou- louse, at that time conducted by the Jesuits, was subse<]uently assistant master in the institution, and in 1778 went to Paris, where he became the friend of Chateaubriand and Fontanes. In 1790- 92 he was justice of the peace at Montignac, and in 1809, at the instance of Fontanes, the grand master, was appointed by Napoleon a councilor of the newly organized t'niversit}' of Paris. None of his works was ])ulilished during bis life- time. Of frail health, he lived at Paris and at Villeneuve in Burgundy, constantly reading and taking notes; writing letters; and receiving the inevitable throng of friends who came to bear his e.Ktraordinary conversation, much, Matthew Arnold observes, as Englishmen (locked to hear that of Coleridge. In 1838 Chateaubriand edited a privately printed volume of fragments, which was reviewed by Sainte-Beuve in the Revue des Deux Mondes, and which established Jouberfs fame. The best edition is that by P. de Kaynal, entitled, Pensees ; precedces de sa corrcspondnnee, d'une notice sur sa vie, son caractcre et ses tra- vaux (Paris, 1804). Consult: Condamin, Esi'ai sur les pensees et la correspondancc de Joubert (Paris, 1877), and the fine appreciation in Ar- nold's Essays in Criticism (London, 1805; Gth ed. 1889). JOUBERT, Petrus Jacobus (1831-1900). A Boer general ami politician. He was born in the Oudsthoorn district of Cape Colony, of Dutch- Huguenot parents, his French ancestor, .loubert, having emigrated to South Africa in 1087, to es- cape religious persecution in France. After an elementary education and a youth spent in trading expeditions throughout South Africa. Piet Joubert, as he was called, settled in the Wakkerstroom dis- trict of the South African Republic and became a prosperous farmer and cattleman. In the early si.x- ties he was elected a member of the Volksraad, and in 1870. having already had some experience in legal work, he; was made Attorney-General of the Republic, and became prominent politically. From that time on he was more or less the politi- cal rival of Kruger (q.v. ). In 1874 Joubert acted as President during the visit of President Burgers to Europe, and his political opportunism earned him the name of 'Slim (or crafty) Piet.' In 1880, on the outbreak of war with England, Jou- bert became commandant-general of the forces and won the battles of Laing's Nek. Ingogo, and Majuba Hill (q.v.). the last of which closed the war in favor of the Boers in 1881. In 18S3-84 he was acting President during Kruger's absence in Europe, and in the latter year he opposed the plan of annexing Bechtianaland to the Trans-