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JOURNALISM. 302 JOURNEYMAN. An alumni newspaper published by a joint board ul aluiiini and undergraduates is a less common form, but in those oases in which it exists the results are highly satisfaclur}-, and present per- haps the most successful examples of college journalism. The Yale Alunnii ^'ecK■ll/, the Cor- nell Alumni yews, and the Princclun Alumni ^yeekly are among the best conducted college papers of any kind. Harvard publishes tlio Harvard Bulletin, weekly, and the Harvard Grad- uate Magazine, established as a quarterly in 18i);i. Some other colleges maintain alunuii papers, but those already quoted are representative of the class. Slany of the professional schools publish maga- zines of a serious nature, devoted to particular interests. Examples are the Harvard Law Re- view, weekly; the Pennsylvania Dental Journal, monthly: the American Law Register (Univer- sity of Pennsylvania), monthlj'; the Phayoeyte (Tulane ^ledieal School), the Yale iledical Jour- nal, the Hihley Journal (Sibley College. Cornell), the Columbia School of Mines Quarterly, and the Columbia Law Review. Some of these pro- fessional journals take high rank in the outside world. In some eases, as in the Sibley Journal, they are managed entirely by undergraduates; in others, there are associate' or advisory faculty or alumni editors. The college annual gives a survey of the year's collegiate history. It contains statistics and records of the fraternities, clubs, societies, athletic events, and other matters of interest to students, and includes daring attemiits at humir aimed at the students and the faculty. The cost of preparing one of these year books already mounts into the thousands of dollars. They are yearly growing in size, and more and more attention is paid to art work in their prepara- tion. Some of the college annuals are the Am- herst Olio, the Brown Lieber, the California Blue and Gold, the Chicago Cap and Gown, the Columbian, fonnerly the Columbiad. the Cornel- Han, the Dartmouth AUjis. the Harvard Register, the Hullabaloo of Johns Hopkins, the Lafayette Melange, the Lehigh E[iitome, the Michiganen- sian, the Minnesota Gopher, the Pennsylvania Record, the Princeton Bric-i'i-Brac, the Stanford Quad, the Syracuse Onondaguan, the Texas Cac- tus, the Trinity Iry, the Tulane Jumbuhiyo, the Vermont Ariel, the Virginia Corks and Curls, the Williams Giulielmcnsian, the Yale Banner and Potpourri. The peculiar system of management by which the college paper is perpetuated from year to year also involves a periodical fluctuation in the literary value of the contributions. Each ye.nr as a portion of the board of editors are gi-ad- uated or pass to a higher clas.s, an equal number of new classmen are elected to t^ake their places. Hy this means the publication is kept alive, and its general tone and policy are preserved, while its literary standard is raised or lowered as the new editors are more or less clever than their predecessors. The college paper is generally rec- ognized and encouraged by the faculty of the institution, and in some cases substantial ac- knowledgment is made for work done by the editors. In the majority of institutions the col- lege papers, in common with other .student or- ganizations, are provided with office room, heat, light, and service. Competition for places on the editorial boards of college papers is often very keen. The method of selecting editors varies considerably, vacancies being tilled <in the basis of literary ccjiiiiictilinii, class election, editorial or faculty appuintnicnt, excellence in class work, fraternity or society representation, and various other ways. When editors are elected by the student body, thej' are held responsible to it, wliile tlicy are left free in the internal management of the paper. The Cor- nell ,Si(» is chartereil by (he whole student body; (ither ])a])ers are ollieial society organs, close corporations or .stock companies. The evil ef- fects of college politics are often a|iparent in the selection of editors, leading sometimes to the establishment of rival papers, and to an injurioiis form of competition. Cases of ilie abuse of editorial positions for personal ends or animosi- ties are noticeably rare, although no cheeks ex- cept student sentiment exist to prevent it. A diversity of opinion exists as to the influ- ence of the college paper in developing literary talent among the undergraduates. It seems prob- able that the general training in tjie various features of journalism now acquired by editors of college papers is at least equivalent to the purely literary training given by tlic old literary periodicals. It is a fact that numbers of the most successful of our younger writers have served their apprenticeship on the editorial board of college publications, which are increasingly rec- ognized as valuable training-schools for jour- nalistic work. A college editor has mucli to imlearn when he takes a place on the daily paper, but he has at the same time acquired much valuable experience in editorial and busi- ness management, and in reportorial work. The college paper, as now conducted, affords an agree- able and profitable employment, and gives to friends of an institution an actual insight into the life of the college that cannot be gained from any official catalogue or report. Like general newspapers, the college paper has its exchange list, and its editors and readers are thus kept in touch with the doings and sentiments of all other colleges. To the instructors the college press affords the surest indication of student sentiment, and is helpful in the solu- tion of educational problems affecting the insti- tution. There are now in the United States and Canada, according to the best newspaper di- rectories, aliout 27.5 undergraduate publications, not including ahnnni and professional school magazines, and the official publications of the Greek-letter societies. See Fraternities, Amer- ican College. JOURNALISTEN, zhoor'na-le'stcn, Die (Ger., The J(iurnalists) . A comedy by Gustav Freytag (18,5.3), which deals with the influence of the press on German political and social life. The play has been a favorite since its first pro- duction. JOURNEYMAN (from journcg. day's work, from journcc, Fr. journce, from JIL. diurnata, day's work, day's journey, from Lat. diurniis, daily, from dies, day + man). A term originally applied to laborers working by the day. but in the late Middle .Ages ajiplied to the laborers in the guilds who had completed their apprenticeship but who had not attained the position of master. In cniitrast with the modern workman, the jour- neyman in the most flourishing period of the guilds was not a wage-earner for life, but could