JUPITER. 339 JTIKA. No. NAME Discoverer Date of discovery Distance in radii of planet Period Mass, that of .lupiter being 1 Diameter in miles 5 1 Barnard Galileo 1892 1610 2.55 5.93 9.44 15.06 26.49 dys. hrs. min. 11 57 1 18 28 3 13 14 7 3 43 16 16 32 100(?) lo 0.00001688 0.00002323 0.00008844 0.00004248 2.5110 2 2.100 3
- i,550
4 Callfsto 2.960 On account of the slight inclination of Jupiter's equator to the ecliptic, and the fact that the planes of the satellites' orbits vary but little from the plane of the equator, all of them except the most distant one (which sometimes escapes) suffer an eclipse at every revolution. These eclipses of Jupiter's satellites are of interest in connection with the subject of the velocity of light, which was first estimated by means of observalions of these eclipses by the Danish astrniioMier Ecemer (q.v. ) in 1G75. Another most interesting phenomenon of the satellites is that of llieir 'shadow transits.' When a satellite passes between Jupiter and the sun, a shadow falls upon the planet. This shadow is analogous to that cast on the earth by our moon in total solar eclipses. (SeeEctirsES.) To an observer at the telescope these satellite shadows appear as tiny dark dots moving across Jupiter's disk. The satellites themselves can also he observed (though with difliculty) projected against the disk of the planet, and transiting across. The satellites are also at times hidden or occulted behind the disk. See Pi.AXETs ; SoL.E System. JUPITER CAPITOLI'NUS (Lat., Jupiter of the I'apiloll, Te.mtlk of. The national shrine of ancient Rome, dedicated to Jupiter Optimus Maximus, built, according to the common ac- coimt, by Tarquinius Superbus and consecrated in B.C. 509. it stood on ilonte Caprino. one of the two summits forming the Capitoline Hill, on a raised platform on the middle of a sacred site, and could be approached only from one side, the other sides Ijeing formed by cliffs. The surface of the hill was leveled in the fourth century n.c. by great walls rising from the plain and covered with inscriptions in honor of the god. The temple was a low Etruscan structure 800 feet in circumference, with a triple row of col- umns in front, and a cella with three divisions, sacred to Ju])iter, Juno, and Minerva. Above the pediment was a terra-cotta quadriga. The builiiing was burned in B.C. 83, and was recon- structed by Sulla and .Julius Csesar. It was again restored imder Augustus in B.C. 9, under Ves- pasian in ..n. "4, and under Doniitian in A.D. 82. It was plimdered in 4.>5 by the Vandals, robbed of its statues and gilded bronze tiles, and gradu- ally became a quarry for other structures. Frag- ments were discovered in the sixteenth century, and in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries other architectural leniains which had rolled down the hill were recovered. JUPITER OF OTRIC'OLI. The finest and most celebrated antique bust of .Jupiter extant, found at Otricoli, and now in the Vatican Mu- seum. The features are serene and majestic. The hair falls symmetrically on either side of the face, and the full beard in well-defined locks gives a massive effect. The bust is of marble, and is thought to be in itnitation of the style of I'hidias. See Plate with article Jupiteb. JUPITER SCAPIN, zhti'pe'tar' ska'pfiN' (Fr., Scamp .Jupiter). A name given by Abbe de Pradt to Napoleon, in allusion to the combina- tion of great qualities in his character with the frequent use of intrigue and tricker% typified by Scapin in Moliere's Fotirberics de ticfipin. ' JUPITER SERA'PIS, Temple of (so called) . This building, situated at Pozzuoli, near Xaples, is really not a temple at all, but the pu.blic mar- ket of Pozzuoli, a quadrangular structure built around a court. Its ruins afford a remarkable instance of tiie changes which have taken and are taking place in the relative position of the land and water on the earth. Only three of the original forty-six pillars exist. They rise out ol the water, the pavement of the temple being at present submerged; but they bear evidence of having been at one time .submerged to half their height, which is 42 feet. The base of the pillars as high as 12 feet is quite smooth; for the next nine feet the^' are penetrated by a boring shell, which is still active in the nei.ghboring rocks. The 'ater must have covered this por- tion of the pillars, and while the tnollusks were busy, the lower 12 feet must have been protected from their ravages by being buried in mud. The changes of level have been so gradual that the pillars have not been moved from their original jiosition. The alternate raising and lowering of the ground level is evidently due to volcanic action. JUPITER STATrOR (Lat., Jupiter the Stayer [of flight]). Temple of. A Corinthian temple at Rome, built by M. Atilius Kcgulus. The best evidence places it near the Sacred Way, by the side of the Arch of Titus. Its side is occu- pied by ruins of a tower of the Frangipani. JU'RA, Fr. pron. zhii'ra'. A range of moun- tains on the western frontier of Switzerland. Picginning in Southeastern France on the north bank of the Rhone at Saint-Genix, it extends northward, forming the west bank of the river till it reaches the Swiss frontier near Geneva. From that point it follows the boundary line in a long curve toward the northeast, finally passing wholly into Switzerland, and terminating on the south bank of the Rhine west of its confluence with the Aar (Map: Switzerland. A 2). The ■range thus defined is the Jura proper, but many geographers continue the name north of the Rhine and south of the Rhone, regarding these rivers as simply tuakiug twii breaks in an other- wisp continuous chain. South of the Rhone the chain is known as the Jura Alps, and merges with the Alps of Dauphint, and other branches of the Western Alps. Xorth of the Rhine an irregular chain extends east of the Schwarzwald through Wiirttemberg and Bavaria as far as the Main River. This chain, called the German, or Swa- bian and Franconian, Jura, is similar to the .Jura ))roppr in the character of its rock formations, Ijut different in its structure, being formed en- tirely by faulting.
