Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/530

KIDNEY. 483 KIDO. In the adult human kidney, however, the lobula- tion has (ii»aiii«;iieii, and in the cortex and me- dulla there is no deiiiarkation between llie lobules. If a section be maoe tlirough the kidney it is easy with the naked eye to distinjruisli cortex and medulla. Strands of medulla ly substance can also be seen extendin}; u|i into the cortex. These are known as niedulbuy rays, and that portion of the cortex included l)etween two medul- lary rays is known as a cortical pjTamid. Under the microscope Ixith cortex and medulla are seen to be made up of innunionilile sections of tubules which are entirely unintelli.'jible in the ordinary section of the kidney. They all reprc-sent, how- ever, sections of different portions of what are known as the uriniferous tubules. The structure of these tu'Diiles has been carefully worked out, and may be described as follows: Kach urinifer- ous tubule origi- c nates in the cortex ill an exjiansion which surrounds a tuft of capillar}' bhiod-vessels called the frloiiierulus or Miilpi;;hian body, l.eaviiifj^ the fjlom- erulus by a narrow niik, it expands into the first or proximal convolut- rd tubule. This is liiic<l by rather I a r <; e iriefrular granular e p i t he- lium. The tulnile now passes into the medulla, where its epithelium be- come s flattened, and it is known as the descending arm 8ECTIO.V OF HCMAN KIDXET, indiuling cortox and portion of medulla, showing gcntTal ar- rangement of tiNsiies. Cortex (f) is inipt-rfectly divided by bundles o[ parallel tiihulescon- BtitutiUK the niedullai-.v ra.vs Un]; between theMe lies the lahyrinth (/) containing the Malfii^rliian bodies <x). In places (x'l the ^lumerulus has tallen out. leaving the empty of Henle's loop. In capsule; (6) sections of blood-ves- ^^j^^ d,.,,,,,.!- part of the medulla the tubule turns abruptly upon itself, forming the loop of Henle, and ascends in the medulla and medullary ray. Henle's loop and its ascended arm are lined by cuboidal epithelium. In the cortex the tubule leaves the medullai-y ray, be- comes lined with large irregular cells, and is known as the second or distal convoluted tubule. After a more or less tortuous course in the cor- tical pyramid the tubule again enters a medullary ray and joins with other similar tubules to form what is knom as .a collecting tuliule. This tu- bule is lined with culioidal cpitiieliiim and passes down through medulla and papilla to open into the pelvis of the kidney. The Larger of these tubules situated in the p.apilla are called the ducts of B;dlini. The different portions of the uriniferous tubules are thus seen to make up the structure of the kidney, being held together and supported by a very small amount of con- nective tissue. The cortical pyramids are seen to be formed by the glomeruli and the first and second convoluted tubules, the medullary rays by the ascending arms of TTcnle's loops and the collecting tubules, the medulla by the as- cending and descending arms of Henle's loop, by the loops themselves, and by the collect- ing tubules, the ])apilla by the ducts of Bel- iini. These uriniferous tubules constitute the so- called parenchyma or functionating part of the kidney, whih- the connective tissue which sup- ports them is known as the interstitial part of the kidney. Blood- 'es.si:i.s or tuk Kidney. Blood reaches the kidney through the renal artery, which enters the hilum and breaks up into several large branches. These brancius pass up between llie duets of BjUini to the junction of medulla and cortex. Here they form a series of arches known as the renal arches. From these are given off two sets of branches. One set, the interlobular cortical arteries, pass upward to the cortex, forming a capillary network among the ciinvoluted luliules and in the glomeruli; the other, known as the arteriie rect:c. pass downward into the medulla, where they lorni a capilhuy network among the tubules of the medulla. From the cortical capil- lary network blood enters the interlobular vein, whence it is carried to the veins of the renal arches. Vroin the medullary capillaries blood enters the vensE rectae and thence goes to the veins of the renal arches. The lymphatics of the kidney ecmsist of two sets of vessels, a superficial set ^hich ramify in the deeper layers of the capsule, .iiid a deeper set which accompany tlic blood-vessels into the interior of the organ, and communicate with the lymph-spaces of the intertubular connective tissue. The nerves of the kidney belong to the sympathetic system, and are mainly of the non-medullated variety. They pass in between the tubules, where they form a fine network. KIDNEY, DiSE..SEs of the. See Brwiit's DlSKASi:; t'ALCL'LU.S; PYELITIS. The .surgery of the kidney includes nephrectomy, or removal for tumiir; ncjiiirotomy, or section for removal of a calculus; and nephrorrhai>hy, or suturing the kidney fast in fases of movable kidne}'. Consult .lacobson and Steward, The Operations of tSur- genj (Ith ed., London, 1002). KIDNEY BEAN (so called from the shape). The cnmniim kidney be;in (I'lmsiolus ruJiinris) is the haricot of the French. In Great Britain it is sometimes called French bean. See Be..ns; DoLlcuos; and Plate of Leousii.nos.e. KIDNEY- VETCH {AiithjiUis) . A genus of perennial somewiiat slirubby herbs of the natural order Leguminosa", valuable for forage and at- tractive for their spikes or heads of yellow-white or purple llowers, and delicate foliage. They are propagated by seeds and are of easiest culture, and succeed in even jionr soil. In the United States they have not become popular in any ca- pacity. KIDO, k.-.'dA. Takayoshi (18.32-77). A Jap- anese statesman. 'The Pen of the Bcvolution of 1808,' born at Hagi. in the Province of Choshiu, about 18.12. His father was a iihysician. When Commodore Perry's exjiedition arrived in .Tapan in 18.54 he disguised himself as a laborer and served as porter to carry the instruments and baggage of the surveying parties, in order to penetrate the secret of the strength of Western nations. In ISfiS he joined the revolutionary party, and with Tw,al<ura. Okubo. and Saigo (qq.v. ) he planned and executed the coup d't'>tat of .lanuar}'. 18G8. which gave the coalition of southwestern elans possession of the Imperial palace of Kioto and the person of the Jlikado. (See Keiki.) He was the author of a famous State document, the address to the throne, which