Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/600

KNAPP. 544 KNEE-JOINT. cral Lafayette (1824); The Oenius of Free- masonry (1828); Lectures on Americayi Litera- ture (1829); American Biography (1833); Life of Aaron Jiurr (1835) ; Lift of Andrew Jackson (1835); and The Bachelor, and Other Tales (1836). KNAPP, WiLUAM iRELA.NU (1835—). An Anu'iic.iu Hrilcr, uorn at Greenport, L. 1. He studied at New York University, and graduated at Madison, now Colgate University, in 1860. From 18G0 to 18G5 lie was professor of modern languages at Madison, and during the two years immediately following taught the same subjects at 'assar. He spent the greater part of tlie next eleven years in Sjjain, where he colleeteil a valvi- able library. I'jion liis return he accepted the Street professorship of modem languages at Yale, and in 1892 accepted a chair at Chicago University. In 1895 he resigned in order to devote his time to literary pursuits, and afterwards lived chicH.v in England and France. He publislied : Obrus Porticos de Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (2 vols., 1876) ; Grammar of the Modern Spanish Language (ISS2) : Life, Writings, and Correspond- ence of George Borroir (2 vols.. 1S9'.(| : Borrow's Lanngro and the Romany Uye (1000). KNAPSACK, nap'sak (Dutch knapzah; from • knappcii, to ent + znk. sack). The bag or case in which the soldier carries his kit when on the march, usually worn suspended between the shoulders. .See Kit. KNAUS, knous. Lidwig (1829-). A Her- man genre painter of the younger Diisseldorf school, born at Viesbaden. He was the pupil of Sohn and Schadow in Diisseldorf. and after- wards studied in Paris and traveled in Italy. From 1874 to 1884 he was professor at the Ber- lin Academy. He eventually became one of the most popular and widely known painters of hu- morous genre subjects, usually rustic scenes. The.se works are charaeteri7pd by obvious feeling and sharp delineation of character. Technically he is a skillful artist and excellent colorist. His works include: "His Highness Upon His Travels." "The Golden Yedding," "The First Profit." "I Can Wait." "In Great Distress." "Children's Festival." National Gallery. Berlin : and "Holy Family," and "Nime But the Cats." in the ilet- ropolitan Museum in New York City. Among his portraits are those of Helmholtz and Momm- sen. in the Berlin Gallery. KNEBEL, knalicl, Karl Ludwig vox (1744- 1834). A (iernian poet and translator, bom at the castle of Wallerstein. Bavaria, .fter .study- ing law at the University of Halle, he served for ten years as an officer in the Prussian .nrmy, and in 1774 became tutor to Prince Konstantin at Weimar, .ind accompanied him and his brother on a journey to France. On this occasion he called upon Goethe at Frankfort, and thus first introduced him to the hereditary Prince Karl August. After the early death of his pupil, he retired in 1770 with the rank of major and a pension for life, and henceforth lived in intimate association with that famous literary circle of which Goethe, Schiller. Herder, and Wieland were the guiding stars. In 1708 he married Luise Rudorff. chamber singer to the Duchess Amalie, retired to Tlmenau. and in 1805 removed to Jena. Although his own poems — Hymnen. Elegien. LchenshUiten in Diatichci,. and others — are to be commended for their classical purity of form, he is more especially remembered for his excellent translations of the J-Jlegiw of Propertius (1798), of the Dr Hrrum atura of Lucretius (1821), and of AUieri's tragedy ISaul ( 1829) . His highly interesting correspor.den>;e with Goethe, Brief- irechfcl mil Goethe, was edited by Guhrauer (Leii)/.ig. 1851). KNEE-JERK, or Patki.lak Reflex. The name given to the phenomenon resulting from striking lightly the tendon uniting the patella to the tibia. The knee-jerk is elicited by having the patient cross the knees, relaxing the upper leg. and then with the finger-tip or a special hammer striking the tcnlon named, just below the kneecap. . slight involuntary kick results, in a person in nornuil condition. The knee-jerk is increased in certain diseases, .as lvsteria, neu- rasthenia, spastic paraplegia, hemiplegia, etc. It is diminished or entirely absent in lead-poisoning, locomotor ata.xia, chronic alcoholism, etc. The nerves involved are the fourth lumbar pair; the ])eripheral nen'e is the anterior crural. The muscles taking part in the svulden contraction are those constituting the quadriceps e.xtensor fe- moris. This phenomenon is of great importance in the diagnosis of nervous diseases. KNEE-JOINT. The articulation between the fenuir or thigh-bone, above, and the tibia or shin- bone below. A third bone, the patella or knee- cap — one of the sesamoid bones (q.v. ). and not a true bone of the skeleton — also enters into the foLlU asyrhmem.. synmjem antcru-lvg post.cruUg liy. win. VERTICAL SECTION OF TBE BIGHT KSEE-JOIST IN THE ASTEBO- P08TERI0R I>lRECTIOS. m.f.q.e., muscular flbrps of (luadrii-epe extensor: ex,syo. sac, extension of s.vuovial sac of kuee upon femur; t.q.e., tendon (tf quadriceps extensor forming flbroue capsule of joint : pa., patella: pre-pat.b.. pre-patellar bursa : con,fem., cond.vie of femur inner; Ug.wu., iigamentum mucosum : fat.tis.lig., tatty tissue t)etween Iigamentum patellfp and H.vnovial sa<' ; lig.pate., ligmentum patella*; b.li^.pnte., bursa beneath Iigamentum patella?; tib., tibia: fat.tis., fatt.v tissue : o.s.rD./ne/H., openinjr in s.vnovial membrane behind crucial ligament leading into inner half of joint ; syn.mpm., s.vnovial membrane reflected off erui-ial liga- ments; aot.cru.lig., cwtenA of anterior crucial ligament; post.rru.lig., posterior crucial ligament: lig.Win., liga- ment of Winslow. structure of this joint anteriorly. The articular surfaces of these hones are covered with cartilage, lined by a synovial membrane, which is the most extensive in the bodv. and connected together by