KRUGER. 617 KRUMMEL. lie held ulliee for eight months under the annexa- tion Goverunient. He was the inineipal member of the deputations which protested against an- nexation Ijoth to the Cape and to the English Government. Events rapidly moved toward armed resistance to the British authority, as the promises made in 1877 were not kept, and in 1880 the National Committee reorganized Ihc Government, with Kruger in his old posi- tion of Vice-rresident. He was au active par- ticipant in the war which followed, and Ixu'e a |j|iiMiiiicnt part in the peace negotiations. The Ijcoiilc, having won back their independence, though luider a reserved British suzerainty, elect- ed Kruger President in 1883 over Joubert ^y 3431 votes to 1171. He was reelected in 1888, 1893, and 1898. In the South African Republic after he became President Kruger was more and more a power, his influence over his own people being almost boundless. Friction with the British (iovernment increased through the develnpmcnt of the gold-mines, the unmeasured ambitions of the Pritish South Africa Com])any. and the dis- content of the Uitlanders, who had become an im- ]iortant factor in the Transvaal population. When the .Jameson raid, at the close of 1895, produced a crisis. President Kruger showed his moderation and diplomacy in the management of the ditli- eult details of that case. Through his inlluence Dr. .Jameson and his associates were turned over to the English Government for trial in the Eng- li>h courts against the wishes of the more hot- headed Boers. The evident intention of the Briti^li Colonial Olfice to force the Republic to sul)niission, and the refusal, determined or ob- stinate, as one ma.y look at it. of President Kruger to yield anything to British suzerainty, brouglit on in 1899 the war of which Kruger had said that the submission of his people would be |)urchased at '"a price that would stagger lunnan- ity." In preparation for the stniggle whirh be had long regarded as inevitable. Kruger had jnit the Transvaal into an excellent defensive state by the purchase of large qiuintities of arms and ammunition, being ably assisted in his prepara- tion by the commandant-general of the forces. 'Slim Piet' Joubert (q.v.). During the first j)eriod of the war President Kruger renuiined in Pretoria, where he maintained order by the sheer force of his personality, .fter the fall of Pretoria (.June 5, 1900). President Krigcr lied into I'ortuguese territory, and on Octolier 19th sailed from Loirenco ilarques for Europe in the hope of securing foreign aid or interventiim. He was received with enthusiasm in France, but failc<l to obtain an aiuiienee with the German Emperor and took up his residence in the Neth- erlands, making his home in Utrecht and The Hague. Ilis etTorts to secure foreign interven- tion failed, but he continued to exhort the Boers to stand fast to the last. Kruger first mar- ried a Miss l)u Plessis. whose family is .a branch of that to which Cardinal Kichelieu belonged. His second wife was a niece of the lirst Mrs. Kruger. They had several children. The most ambitious biography is Van Dordt. Paul Kriifiir mid die Entslrhiiiiff der Siidafrikanischcii Rrpiiblik. trans- lated into German by Kohlschmidt (2 vols., Basel. 1900), written from a verj' friendly standpoint. In English the biography by Slat- ham. Paul Krufirr and Tlix Timm (London. 1898), is too one-sided to be reliable, though it tlirows much light on South African history from the Boer side. On the other side, the following two works are mere political contributions to the material for the history of the period: Gliick- stein, Qucvii or J'residentf An Indictment of Paul Kruger (London, 1900) ; Seohle and Abercrom- bie, The Rise and Pall of Krugerism (New York, 1900). See Tr..svaal; South African War. KRUMBACHER, krumlmo-er, Karl (1856 — ). A distinguished (ierman Byzantine scholar, born at Kiirnach ; professor in the University of llunich. Professor Kriimbachcr is best known for his (lesvhichle der byzunliiiischcn Littcratitr ("2d ed. 1897), a monument of wide and .sound learn- ing, and as editor of the liy:antini.iche Zeit- schrift and Byzantinisches Archiv. Among his other works are: Eiii ncuer Codex der Gram- matik des Dositheus (1884); Beitriige zu einer flcscliiehte der griechischen Sprache (1885-89); Mittelgriechische Spriehwiirier (1893); Studien
- u Romanos (1898); Die Moskauer ^ammlung
mittdgrierhiachrr Sprichicortcr ( 1900). KRUMHORN, kn.im'hom (Ger., crook-horn). The name of a very old wind instrument made of wood, the under jiart of which is bent out- ward in a circular arc. It was extensively used during the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- turies, and retained its popularity in France till about 1730. A complete set of krumhorns con- sisted of five instruments : sopranos in C and G, alto in D, tenor in G. and bass in D. Krumhorn is also the name of an organ-stop, formerly nuich used, especially in small organs. The pipes are made of tin. the body or sounding part being cy- lindrical, and partly shut at the upper end. The Italian name of cormorne h;is been corrupted by English organ-builders into cremona. which is the same stop in English organs. The sound of the krumhorn as an organ-stop is soft and quiet, but it is defective in not keeping in tune so well as dther reed stops. KRTJMMACHER, krum'maG-er. Friedrich AnoLi" ( 17ti7-lS45 I . A German theologian and a writer of devotional poetry and prose, born at Tecklenburg. July 13. 1707. He studied theology at Lingen and Halle, taught in the high school at Hamm, was head of the high school at Jliirs, and became, in 1800, professor of theology at Duis- burg. In 1807 he returned to the ministry, be- came pastor at Kettwig, and in 1812 was called to Bcriiburg as general superintendent and higher Ccnirt preacher. He accepted a call to Bremen in 1824 and retired in 1843. His Parabeln (1805) soon became a religious classic and they have often been reprinted. They were first translated into English in 1825. For his life, consult his t^elbslbiographie (Berlin, 181)9): Jlaria Krum- macher, Unsrr Grossrairr (Bielefeld. 1891). — His son FiiiEDRiCH WiliiIlLM ( 179(i-18liS) became Court chaplain (1853) at Potsdam. He was a preacher of great eloquence, but a reactionary theologian. Many of his works have found favor in translations in England. Among them are: Klias der Thisbiter (1836); Elisa (1839- 42); and Paxsionnbueh (1850). Salomo und ftulamith (1827, 9th ed. 1875) was also very popular. KRUMMEL, krum'mcl. Otto (18,54—). A Giruiaii geographer, best known for his work in oceanography. He was born at Exin and waa educated at Berlin and at GiJttingen, where he was ajipointed decent of geography. He accepted
