LAISTNER. 699 LAKE. LAISTNER, list'ner, LuDWio (1845-90). A Cfiiiuui aulliur, born at Esslinj^pn, Wiirttemberg. He studied theology at TLil)iii^<'ii, had cliaifje of a ))a.sUiiatL' for two years, and was a private tutor in ^lunich, wiiere he devoted himself ex- clusively to literary pursuits after 1880, and whence lie removed to Stuttgart in 1880. Besides Burba ro.ssiis liiauicprber (187i)). an epic poem, and ^ovcllcn aum alter Zeit (1882), lie wrote: Dicbelsaficn (1870), contributions to German niytho!o{,'y ; Der Archetypux dcr Xibelungen (1887) ; Uds l>'til.icl der Hphinx. Orundzur/c eincr ilijlhcngcschiclite (1880); and (Jermanische Xolkcrnrimcn (1892); and with Paul Ileyse he <>dited yeiicr deutscher XorcUciischatz (2-t vols., 1884-88). LAITY, la'i-ti (from lay, from OF., Fr. lai, from l^at. Uiicus, from Gk. Xaixis, lail;os, relat- iiii; to the ])eople, from Xa6s, Idu.'i, people). In Church relations, the name given to all person.? who do not belong to the clergy (q.v.). Among Catholics the term has a stricter meaning than among Protestants, for the latter do not make the same profound distincMon between those es- pecially dedicated to the service of the Church and the general body of worshipers. The Ro- man Catliolic Chui'ch claims for its priesthood a direct and special mission supernaturally be- stowed to teach and govern the faithful laity in all matters concerning religion. IMost Protestant bodies deny this sharp distinction and regard all memliers as equally of the same spiritual grade. In modern usage, the term is applied in a similar sense to distinguish those who are not in a learned jirofcssion from its members: thus those who are not lawyers are 'laymen' to the legal jirofession. LAJARD, la'zhiir', Jeax Baptiste Fklix ( 178.'i-18.")S) . A French archaeologist, born in Lyons. Tie was attached as secretary to the French Ambassador to Persia, and spent several years in that country exploring and studying Oriental religions, particularly in their etl'eet upon Ctreek culture. He also made a collection of Babylonian cylinders which are now in the National Library in Paris. The value of his researches was recognized, and after his re- turn to France he held several imiinrtant of- fices. .Much of his writing was contributed to the .Aciuleiiiy of Inscriptions, to which he was elected in 18.30. His works include: I'rcherches /nir If riillr, Irs symboles, Ics attribiits et les vioitiimcnis fifinrfx de Vfnus en Orient et en Occidetit (18.37-47); and the unfinished Re- cherches srir le culte publique et Irx mi/stires do Mithra en Orient et en Occident (1847-48). LAJARTE, la'zhart', TntconoRE EooiARn DU Faiki-: dk (1S2G-90). A French composer and musical critic, born at Bordeaux. His education was begun there, and was continued under I^c- borne at the Paris Conservatory. In 1855 ho composed a one-act comic ojiera, Le secret de Viiiirlr Vincent, which had a longer run at the Lyric Theatre than any of his succeeding pro- ductions: Lc duel dii comninndciir (IS.'iT): i[nin':i:Ile IV-neiopr (1850); and Le nrreu de aiiUircr (1861). His farce ^t^itre Villon was Tilayed at the Atheni-e (1872): .lfo».?i>»r de Floridnr at the Opfra Comique (1880) : Roi de cnrrrnu at the Nouveautf-s (188.3): and 7/C.* jumenux de Berqnmc at the 0))era (1S8R). He wrote military miisic, as well as articles for niu- VOL, XI.— 46. sical journals, was connected with the Op6ra archives from 1873, and became librarian there in 1882. His chief critical works are: In.itru- nienis .SV/j et fanfares civites (18f)7); liihlio- theijiie musicale du theatre de I'Opcra, catalogue historiijue, chronolofiiiiue. anrcdotique (1877-79) ; and Ciirioxitrs dr I'Oprru (188.3). LA JONQUIERE, li zhox'kyAr', Jacques PiEKHE Tafi'AXEL, Marquis de (1085-1752). A Flench naval oHicer, who came to Canaila as tjovernor in 1749. He had previously been en- gaged in military service, fighting the Protestants in the Cevennes (170.3), with Duguay-Trouin at the siege of Rio de .Janeiro (1711), and at the battle of Toulon (1744), and had won a notable victory at Finisterre with six ships over eighteen of the British. He was appointed Governor-Gen- eral of Canada in 1746, but the fleet in which lie had embarked was scattered by storms and never reached (Juebec, nor was he more fortu- nate the following year, when his shi]) was cap- tured and himself taken iirisoner to England.
lien lie at length assumed the government he
was regarded as a miser. He was suspected of being a silent partner of Western fur-traders, and ho undoubtedly backed the zealous Abb6 le Loutre in his design of securing Acadia for France against the English among the Acadians. He died in Quebec, and was bur»ed in the Cliureh of the Recollets. LAKANAL, la'ka'nal', Joseimi (1702-1845). A French statesman and educator, born at iSerres, in the Department of AriOge, and edu- cated for the priesthood. When the Revolution broke out, Lakanal. who was then professor of ])liilosopliy in the college at Moulins. was sent by the De])artnient of Ari&ge as a Deputy to Paris. In the National Convention he gave an unqualified vote for the death of the King. Shortly afterwards he was made a mem- ber of the Committee of Public Instruction, and quickly rose to the head of that body. He showed indefatigable energy- in educational work in France, and initiated most of the important reforms tending to make education universal in the country. To his ellorts was also due the founding of the Eeole Normale and the Institut de France. In 1798 he performed with great credit and thoroughness the duties of commis- sary-general of the Department of the Rhine, reforming abuses in the army and building up the frontier against foreign invasion. During Napoleon's tenure of power Lakanal filled vari- ous subordinate positions in educational institu- tions in France. On the accession of Louis Win. ho was proscribed as a regicide, and came to the Vnlted States. Congress voted him 500 acres of land, and a little later he was offered and accepted the presidency of the State T'niver- sity of Louisiana. In 1825 he resigned and re- tired tn his plantation on the shores of Mobile Bay. Shortly after the Revolution of 1830 Lakanal returned to France. He died in Paris, February 14. 1845. LAKE (.S. lacu. from Lat. laciis. lake: con- nected with OHO. Inhhn. Oer. I. ache, pool. Olr. loch. lake. Gk. Xcikkos, Inlko.i. hole). . body of standing water surrounded by land. In common usage the tenn pond is applied to ver^• small lakes, but there is no uniformity in agreement as to where the line is to be drawn. In Scotland the word loch is applied to lakes and also to lake- like anus of the sea almost completely shut in
