Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/111

LEGITIMACY. 99 parents, in which case it has the same status, in law, as a child Ijorn in wedlock. See Bastabd. LEGITIMATION (from ML. legitimare, to make legitimate, from Lat. le<jitimus, lawful). The process of rendering legitimate a person who was born a bastard ( q.v. ) . This is eti'ected by the subsequent marriage of the father and mother of the illegitimate offspring, and hence it is often called legitimation per SMbsequeiis matrimonium. This effect, however, can only be produced pro- vided at the time of the birth the parents might have been married, or there was no obstacle to their then marrying, if so inclined, as, for ex- ample, if they were both unmarried, and there was no impediment. Sometimes it has happened that the father, A. or mother, B. after the child's birth, marries a third person, and has children, and after the dissolution of the marriage A and B marry. In this perplexing case the courts have held that the intervening marriage with a third party does not prevent the bastard child, born before that event, from being legitimated b}' the subsequent marriage of A and B. But it has not been settled what are the mutual rights of the children of the two marriages in such cir- cumstances, though it appears that the legiti- mate-born children cannot be displaced by the legitimated bastard. The doctrine of legitima- tion per suhsequens mafrimaniiim obt&ins in Scotland and in the legal systems of the Conti- nent which are derived from the civil law, but is not recognized in England or Ireland, having been solemnly repudiated by the famous statute of Merton, and the ma.Kim prevails there, 'once a bastard, always a bastard.' This harsh rule of the common law still prevails in many of the United States. In several States, however, the milder rule of the civil law has been adopted. Legitimation is also recognized in Scotland, but not in England or Ireland, where the parents were not really married, though they both bond- fide believed themselves to be married. This iS called a putative marriage. LEGITIMISTS (Fr. legitimiste, from Lat. lerjH ill) 11.1. legal, from lex, law). The. In France, after 1S30. the party that upheld the claims of the elder line of Bourbons against the younger or Orleanist line. Charles X.. who was deposed in 1830, belonged to the Bourbons, while Louis Philippe, who succeeded him. belonged to the House of Orleans. The death of the Count de Chambord. the last of the Bourbon line, in 1883, ended the dispute by leaving the Count de Paris, grandson of Louis Philippe, sole heir to the claims of both branches of the Bourbon family. LEGNAGO, la-nyii'go. A city in the Province of Verona. Italy, .33 miles by rail southeast of the city of Verona, on the Adige (Map: Italy, F 2). It has a technical school, a city library, and two theatres. The country is fertile though swampy, and Legnago is an important market for rice and other grain, wine, potatoes, and flax. On March 26. 1799, the French, under Scherer, were defeated here by the Austrians under Kray. The old fortifications were razed under Xapoleon in 1801. In 181.5 the Austrians, to defend the passage of the Adige, refortified Legnago. making it one of the fortresses of the famous Quadrilateral. Population (commune), in 1881. 14.3.58 ; in 1901. 14.529. LEGNANO, la-nya'n6. A town 16 miles north- west of ililan, Italy, on the Olona. Population, LEGKAND DU SATILLE. about 8000. It is famous for the victory of Milan and the allied Lombawl cities over" the Emperor Frederick I. Barbarossa (q.v.), in 1176. In the year 1876. the 700th anniversary of the battle, a monument was erected on the battlefield. LEGOUVE, le-goo'va', Ernest (1807-1903). A French dramatist, essayist, and academician, son of the poet .Jean Baptiste Legouve. His mother died in 1810, and his father soon had to be put in a lunatic asylum, but the orphan had plenty of money and wa.s well educated. In 1829 he won an academic prize for a poem on the discovery of printing, but he first made his mark twenty years later (1849) by the drama Adrienne Lccotivreur, written in collaboration with Scribe (q.v.), as were also Les contes de la reine de Savarre (1850), liataille des dames (1851), Les doigts de fee (1858). His dramas written independently of Scribe are insignificant, save for Medee, rather than play which Rachel paid 5000 francs, though Ristori achieved suc- cess with it in an Italian translation. Legouve's dramatic works were collected (1887-90). He wrote also on education, on the social position of women, and on L'art de la lecture (1877 and 1881), in which he was an adept. In 1881 Legouve ^^■as made director of studies in the normal school for girls at S&vres, and in 1887 a commander in the Legion of Honor. Toward the end of his life Legouve was known for his studies on the character and needs of women and children in France. La femme en France au XlXime siecle (18C4) was reissued, much enlarged, in 1878. Messieurs les enfanis ap- peared in 1868; then came his Conferences parisienncs (1872) ; Ifos filles et nos fits (1877) ; and r7ie education de jeune fillc (1884); all very influential in changing French methods of education. In 1886-87 LegouvC" published his autobiogiaphy, Soi-xante ans de souvenirs. He was always fond of physical training, which he urged as important to France, and was himself a skillful fencer and pistol-shot. He died March 14, 1903. LEGOUVE, Jeax Baptiste (1764-1812). A French poet and dramatist, born in Paris. His first play. La mart d'Abel, was produced in 1792, and was followed by Epicharis (1793), Quint us Fabius (1795), Ete'ocle (1799). and La mort de Henri IV. (1806), the only piece he wrote which was well received. His dramatic works lack movement and interest, and the same may be said of his very popular poem Le mcrite des femmes (1801)^ which went rapidly through forty editions. Legouve was elected to the In- stitute in 1798. LEGKAND DTI SATJLLE, le-grax' du s61, Henri (1830-861. A French alienist. He was born at Dijon, studied medicine there, and was interne at Rouen and at Charenton : was associate editor of the Gazette des Bopitaux (1854-62); and in 1862 became doctor of medicine with a thesis De la monomanie incendi^iire. He was an associate of Las6gne at the prefecture of police, Paris; was phvsician at the Salpetri^re (1877), and chief phvs'ician of the special infirmary- for the insane at the prefecture of police. Pans ( 1883) . He was long editor of the .innales mcdi- co-psi/cholofjiques. His principal works were: La folic devant les tribunaux (1869) ; an essay on Le dilire des persecutions (1871); Etude