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LE NOTRE. 128 LENTHALL. main-en-Laye, and Sieaux. Ho went to Italy in 1078, and was rocfived by tlie Pope with great friendliness. In Rome he laid out the gardens of the X'aliean, the Quirinal, the ViHa Alhani, the illa Lndovisi, and the X'illa Doria I'aniphili. He also designed the park at Greenwieh. an<l the Saint James and Kensington gardens in London. LEN'OX. . town, widely known as a summer resort, ineluding the villages of Xcw^ Lenox and Lenoxdale, in Berkshire County, llass.. six miles south of Pittslield: on the Xew York, Kew Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Jlassachu- setts, A 3). I.<'nox itself is of great beauty, and the surrounding region presents many points of interest. Among the attraetions are ilah- keenae and Laurel Lakes, Bald Head, the Ledge, Jlattoon Hill, and Perry Peak, besides many fine resideiiees and grounds. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Henry Ward Heeeher, and Fanny Kemble were residents of Lenox. The government is admin- istered by town meetings. Settled in IT-^^. Leno.x was incorporated as a district in 1707, and named in honor of Charles Lenox, Duke of Richmond. Population, in 1890, 2889; in 1900, 2942. LENOX, James (1800-80). An American philanthropist, born in New York City, where his father, a wealthy Scotch merchant, had settled in 1784. He studied at Columbia, was admitted to the bar, and for a time was con- nected with his father in business: but the great passion of his life was collecting books and objects of art. During the years that lie was most actively engaged in this work his library grew so rapidly that it was impossible for him to arrange it "systematically, and the books as they were received and checked oil' were stored in the vacant apartments of his residence. This, of course, rendered it exceedingly difficult to find particular volumes, and as he refused to allow others access to his storeroom, the library remained practically unused until it was re- moved to the building on Fifth Avenue which he erected for its reception in 1870. It is espe- cially rich in Americana, and contains a very complete collection of Bibles, and many rare and beautifully bound volumes. Besides giving his library to the city of New Y'ork, Mr. Lenox contributed generously to the Presbyterian Hos- pital in that city, to Princeton I'niversity, and to many public and private charities. liENS, liiN. A town of France, in the Depart- ment "f Pas-de-Calais, on the Souchez, 17 miles south-southwest of Lille. It is a place of great antiquity, and was once strongly fortified. It lias iron and steel foundries and manufactures sugar, soap. etc. In the vicinity are highly pro- ductive coal-mines. It is famous for the victory gained by the Prince of Conde over Leopold William, Archduke of Austria, under its walls, in 1048. Population, in 1891, 13,802; in 1901, 24,370. LENS (Neo-Lat., from Lat. lens, lentil; so called on account of the shape of the lens). A circular section of a transparent substance, hav- ing its surfaces either both spherical, or one of them plane and the other spherical. Lenses are either convex (thickest in the middle) or con- cave (thickest at the edges), and a ray of light in passing through a lens is bent toward its thickest part. The former class changes the direction of the rays by making them more convergent than before; the latt«r makes them more divergent. The point to which the rays converge, or from which they diverge, is called a focus — principal focus when the rays are paral- lel. The focus for a convex lens is real, i.e. the rays actually pass through it, form a real and inverted image smaller or larger than the object, according as the object is at a distance greater or less than twice the focal length; but if the object be within the princijial focal length a virtual image is formed, erect and magnified. For a concave lens the focus is virtual — the rays seem to come from it and form an erect image smaller than the object. See Light, where a section is devoted to lenses and the various theo- retical questions involved are discussed. For different forms of lenses as used in various op- tical instruments, .see Microscope; Piiotog- B.U'HY; Telescope, etc. See, also. Aberration, Spherical; and Aberration, Chromatic. Con- sult: Preston, Theory of Light (New Y'ork, 1895) ; Glazebrook, Physical Optics (London and New Y'ork, 1898). LENSTEOM, len'strem, Caul Julius (1811- 93). A Swedish ])Oet and critic, born at Gefle. He studied philosophy and theology at Upsala, took orders in 1834, and taught literature at the University of Upsala from 18;)0 to 1843. During the next two years he taught philosophy at Gefle. In 184.5 "he was appointed rector at Ves- ter-Loefsta. He wrote on philosophy, poetry, theology, and aesthetics, and his principal publi- cations include a compendium of the Church his- tory of his country, Ldrobok i allmiinna nch svenslca Kyrkohistorian (1842); contributions to the history of Swedish aesthetics, Bidrari till den sren.s/ra tisthetikens histnria (1840) ; Fahlu- juvelen (1838), a novel; Cromircll (1800), a poem; Cluntnf II. Adolf (18(50), poems, and some sketches. De fyra standen, taflor ur svenskt sedelif (1805). LENT (AS. lencten. lengten, OHG. lenzin, len- gizin, lenzo, Ger, Lenz, spring, from AS. long, OHG., Ger. lang, Lat. longus ; so called from the lengthening days in spring). The season of fast- ing observed before Easter in the Roman Cath- olic, Eastern, and Anglican churches. Its length has varied considerably in different times and places. Before the third century there is posi- tive evidence of the solemn observance every- where of the last two days of Holy Week, and it gradually spread to include the whole week. But outside of this solemn fast. Tertullian, Origen, and other early writers allude to a forty days' fast, and the Council of Nica-a (325) recognizes it as an established custom. The probability is that it was a practice of the more zealous even in Apostolic times, and gradually grew into a rule. The period of forty days was adopted in commemoration of the fasting of Christ, as well as ;Moses and Elijah, for that length of time. See Easter: Fast: Holt Week. LENT'HALL, Wiiltam (1591-1062). An English politician. He was born at Henley-on- Thames, studied at Oxford, and was called to the bar in 1616. He represented Woodstock in the Short Parliament of lfi40 and in the Long Parliament, serving as Speaker from 1640 to 1653. Mien Cromwell as Protector summoned his first Parliament. Lenthall was again chosen to the chair (1054). and was a member of the Parliament of 1056 also. On the reassembling in 1659 of the Long Parliament, he resumed his