Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/152

LEO VI. 134 LEOCHARES. LEO VI., 1'lavu-.s (SUti'.Ill). B.vzaiUine Em- peror from 8SU to 911. He was the son of Basil 1., wlium lie Mieoeeded. His reign was marked by a succession of reverses. Sicily was doJinitively lost, and the Enii)ire was ravaged in many parts by the Moliammedans. I.eo is credited with hav- ing written nunKTous poems and theological trea- tises. His most important work, however, is a treatise on military affairs, wliieh was long celebrated. He hail liecn tutored in liis youtli by the famous Photius. I'alriarcli of Constantinople, whom, however, he deposed as soon as he as- sumed the reins of government. He was sur- named Sapiens (the Wise) and Philosoplius, though with little reason. Ccmsult; Oman, By- zuntine Empire (New York, 18!)2) ; Uur}', Later Roman Empire (Londim, 1880) ; Oiblxm. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (edited by Bury, Londim, 189()-inC0) ; Finlay, History of Greece (London, 1877). LEO, Ifi'u, FiuEiiRirii (1851—). An eminent German classical pliilologist, born at Regenwald; professor at the University of Giittingen. He is editor of ticneac Traya'dia; (1878-79); Vemintii Fortunati Opera I'oetiea (1881); I'lauti Comre- dicB (vols. i.. ii., 1895-90) ; author of I'lautinische Studien (1895); Die griechisch-romische Bio- graphic naeh Hirer literarisehcn Form (1901); and numerous philological papers. LEO, Heinricii (1799-1878). A German his- torian, born at Kudolstadt. He studied at Jena, where he took an active part in the student asso- ciation of the jieriod, and later went to Giittingen. In 1S28 be became professor of history at the Universitj' of Halle. Among his early publica- tions were: Lchrhueh der Gescliichte dcs Mittel- alters (1830) ; ilenehiehte der italienischen Staaten (1829-30); and Zieiilf Biicher nieder- Uindischer (Icschichten (1832-35). In his subse- quent works be changed his ))osition. adopted HengStenberg as his leader, and energetically at- tacked the ideas of Hegel, which he had previous- ly advocated. I'nder the influence of this reac- tionary tendency, he wrote Lelirhiich der I'ni- ver.ialyefseliielite (3d ed. 1849-55) and Vor- lexaniien iiljcr die (lexchiclite des deutsclien Volks und lleichs (1854-CG). Consult bis autobiog- raphy, Axis meincr Juyendzeit (Gotha, 1880) ; and Schmidt, (leschichte der deiitsehen Littera- tur von Leihni:: bis anf ttnsere Zeit (Berlin, 188G-90). LEO, Leonardo (1G94-1756). An Italian com- poser, born in the Province of Lecce. He studied music at Naples under A. Scarlatti and Pago, and at Rome under Pitoni. After having been maestro at the cathedral in Naples, and at Santa IMaria della Solitaria. he was appointed Court organist. As a teacher in the Conservatory of Saint Onofrio at Naples he trained many dis- tinguished musicians: Imt be is famous as an operatic composer, although his Church nuisic is superior to his dramatic. He wrote about sixty operas, of which Holfonishe (171S) was the first and II nnovo Don Chiseiottc (finished 1748 by P. Gomez) was the last. Of his sacred com- positions, which include oratorios, masses, motets, hynTns, magnificats, etc., the best known is a miserere for eight-part choir n cappella. This has been frequently reprinted, but the bulk of Leo's work is still in manuscript. Consult Flo- rimo, Ln sciiola miisicale di AVj/m/i e i suoi Con- scrvalori (2d ed., Naples, 1880-84). LE'O AF'KICA'NUS ( Lat., Leo the African ; Ar. Al-Hasan iisn Mohammed al-Vazzak) (c.1485-?). An .Arabian traveler and geog- rapher, born in (iranada, Spain. On the ex- pulsion of the Moors from Spain, his parents went to Morocco, where he received an excellent educa- tion. When only sixteen years old he began his travels, which extended through Northern and Central Africa and Western Asia, While re- turning by sea from Kgyi)t in 1517 he was cap- tured by pirates, who presented him to Pope Leo X. In Rome he learned Latin and Italian, an<l. becoming a Christian, took the name Leo .loannes in honor of the Pope, who was his sponsor. At Rome he taught Arabic to Cardinal Egidio, the same who was taught Hebrew by Elias Levita. His work Description of Africa was for a long time the only source for the geography of the Sudan. It seems that he wrote it first in Ara- bic, but the original is no longer extant, and the author translated it himself into Italian (published by Ramusio, 1550). A Latin version was published by Florianus (Antwerp, 1556; Zurich, 1559; Leyden, 1632) ; a French version by Jean Temporal (Lyons, 1556; reedited with notes by Ch. Shefer in Recueil de voyages, No. 15, Paris, 1898) ; and a German version by Lors- bach (Herborn, 1805). He also wrote Tractatus de Vitis Pliilo.sophorum Arahum, published by Hottinger (Zurich, 16G4). He died in Tunis after 1520. LEOBEN, Ifi-o'ben. A mining-town in the Crownland of Styria. Austria, situated on the Mur, 44 miles by rail from Gratz (Map: .Austria, D 3).. It is surrounded by old walls with towers, and has an interesting fountain. It has an academy of mining and a higher gj'mnasium. In the vicinity are extensive mines of lignite, also iron-works. In a castle near Leoben were signed (April 18, 1797) the preliminaries of peace be- tween Austria and the French Republic, leading to the Treaty of Campo Formio (q.v.). Popula- tion, in 1890, 8127; in 1900, 10,204. LEOBSCHUTZ, la'6p-shnts. A town in the south of the Province of Silesia, Prussia, near the Zinna River, 20 miles north-northwest of Rati- bor (ilap: Prussia. G 3). It has manufactures of machinery, woolens, glass, and mineral water. There is also a considerably developed house in- dustry. Population, in 1890, 12,586; in 1900, 12.027. Leobschiilz existed as early as the tenth century, and was from 1524 to 1623 the capital of the Principality of Jiigerndorf, LEOCHARES, le-6k'a-rez (Lat., from Gk. Aeuxdprjs). A famous sculptor, possibly an Athenian, who flourished about the middle of the fourth century B.C. One of his earliest works, the portrait of Isocratcs. was made before B.C. 355. and he was one of the artists employed on the sculptures of the Mausoleum (q.v.), begun in B.C. 352. We hear of three statues of Zeus by him, one of which was subse- quently placed on the Roman Capitol, where it is praised by Pliny as 'ante ciincta laudahilem.' His most famous works seem to have been ex- ecuted for the roval family of Macedon, after the battle of Ch.Tron'ea (B.C. 338). In the Philip- lieum at Ol.vmpia were five gold and ivory statues of Philip, .lexander, Olympias, Amyntas, the father of Philip, and his wife Eurydic«. In collaboration with Lysippus (q.v.) he made the bronze group of the lion-hunt of Alexander, which