Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/155

LEON. liEON, PoxcE DE. See Poxce de Le6x. 137 LEONIDAS I. LEONARD, len'erd, Daniel (1740-1829). An American jurist, born at Norton, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1700, studied law, was elected to the General Court, and was at first a stanch Whig. Becoming alarmed, however, at the lengths to which the 'higs seemed to be going, he became a Loyalist. In 1774-75 he pub- lished in a Boston newspaper a series of seven- teen papers over the signature ilassachusettensis, to which John Adams replied over the signature yovanglus. The papers dealt chiefly with the legal aspects of the rights of the Britisli Parlia- ment over the colonists, and have been pro- nounced to be perhaps the clearest and strongest statement of the British position made anywhere in the colonies. Though the authorship was not li.ed upon him, a mob fired into his house at Taunton, and he was forced to remove his family to Boston in 1776. On the British evacuation in 1779 he accompanied the army to Halifax, and went from there to London. His name was in the list of those sentenced to banishment by Massa- chusetts in 1778 and to confiscation of property in 1779. For many years he served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Bermuda, but died in London. Mr. Adams republished the controversy, Xovanfjlus and ilassachusettensis (Boston, 1819), but even at that date thought that the letters were written by -Jonathan Sewall. LEONARDO DA VINCI, l.^'6-nar'd6 da ven'- ehe. See Vitrei, Leonardo da. ^ LEONARDO OE PISA. See FiBOXACcr. I LEONCAVALLO, la'An-ka-val'16, Ruggiebo (1858 — ). An Italian composer, born in Xaples, and educated at the Conservatory of Music in that city. Together with Mascagni (q.v.) he labored zealously for the advancement of the newer Italian music, and although educated under such conservative Italian teachers as Peri. Simo- netti, and Rura, he more than any other Italian composer of his day gave evidence of German in- fluence, and so cleverly welded together Italian melody and German harmony as to have been regarded by many as the legitimate successor of Verdi. He was an enthusiastic admirer of Wag- ner, and under his encouragement wrote the tril- ogy^ Crepuscuhnn, an historic play of the Italian Renaissance, the preparation for which occupied him six years. He is principally known in England and America by his two-act opera / Pagliacci (1892), the prologue to which I is a favorite concert number, and La Boheme (1897). Other compositions are Songe d'une nuit d'ete, and Tommaso Chatterton. an opera which on its first presentation was a failure, but on its arrival in Rome in 1896 was a great suc- cess. His compositions include several works for piano and orchestra, and a symphonic poem, Hera- fitxis-Herafita. LEONFORTE, l.^'on-for'ta. A city in the Province of Catania, Sicily. 2072 feet above the sea and 50 miles by rail west of the city of Catania (Map: Italy. .J 10). An interesting highway, 63 miles long, which was tlie route pursued in the Jliddle Ages by the Arabs on the raids from Palermo into the interior, leads from Leonforte northwest through the mountains to Termini Imerese. Leonforte markets wine, oil, grain, sulphur, salt, and other minerals, and has important cattle fairs, June I3th and August 15th. Population (commune), in 1881, 16,009; in 1901, 19,751. LEONHARD, la'on-hart, Rudolf (1851—). A German jurist, born at Breslau. He studied at Heidelberg, Berlin, and Giessen, was in the Prussian Government service from 1872 to 1880, established himself as docent in Berlin in 1878, and became professor successivelv at Giittingen (1880), Halle (1884), Marburg (1885), and Breslau (1895). His more important publica- tions include: Der Irrtiim bci nicUticicn Vcr- trijgen nach romischcm Becht (1882-83); Die Universitiit Bologna im Mittelalter (1888); Roms Vergangenheit und Deutschlands Kecht (1889); Institutionen des romischen liechts (1894); Der Erbschaftsbesitz (1899); Die Hauptziele des neiien biirgerlichen Geseizbuchs (1900). LEONHARDT, la'dn-hart, Gerhard Adolf WiLHELM (1815-80). A German jurist. He was born in Hanover, studied jurisprudence at Gottingen and Berlin, and entered the sen'ice of the Hanoverian Government in 1837, becoming ^Minister of .Justice in 1805. After the annexation of Hanover to Prussia, he was first made presi- dent of the High Court of Appeals at Celle. and afterwards Chief .Justice of the High Court of Appeals for the new provinces. In 1867 the King gave him a seat in the Prussian L'pper House, and shortly afterwards he received the appointment of Prussian Minister of .Justice. He remained in office till 1879. Leonhardt did much to improve the criminal code of Germany. His principal work is Die Justizgesctzgebung des Konigreiclis Hannover (3d ed. 1859-60). LEONI, la-o'ne, Leoxe (c.1509-85). An Ital- ian goldsmith, medalist, and sculptor, born at Arezzo. The name of his master is not known. From 1538 until 1540 he worked in Rome, as an engraver of money, and afterwards he went to Milan, where he worked in the same capacity under the patronage of Alfonso d'Avalos. Still later he was appointed medalist and sculptor to the Emperor Charles V. Among his medals, all of superior workmanship, is one made for Michel- angelo, He made the monument of .Jacopo de' Medici, in the Milan Cathedral, and many statues and busts in bronze and marble. Jlost of his works are to be found at Vienna, and in the Prado Museum, ^Madrid. — His son Pompeo (?-1610) lived nearly all his life in Spain, and executed several works for Charles V. and Philip II. These include fifteen statues of saints in the Escorial, and statues on the tombs of Charles, Philip, and their queens in the church of the same palace. LEON'IDAS I, (Lat., from Gk, Ae-upiSar). King of Sparta, son of Anaxandrides. He succeed- ed his half-brother, Cleomenes I., about B.C. 491. When, in B.C. 480, the Persian monarch Xer.xes approached Greece with an immense army, Leon- idas was sent with 300 Spartans and a small auxiliary force to occupy the narrow pass of Thermopyhp. which lay between the sea and Mount Callidromus, a spur of the range of (Eta. For two days the Greeks successfully re- sisted the overwhelming force of the Persians and frustrated every attempt to force the pass. .Vt the end of the second day's conflict, a Malian named Ephialtes repaired to the Persian camp and gave information of a secret path across the mountains which the Greeks had neglected to