Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/16

LATTTDE. LAUD. liim to the Bastille. Thrice escaped, he was thrice taken, and spent twenty-eight years in prison. Malesherljes brought about his release in 1777. but he was again arrested, charged with robbery and kept in the Bicetre till 17H4. when lie was freed through the intercession of, Mnie. I-egros. During the early years of the Revolu- tion Latude was very popular in the character of a victim of the old regime. In 17!i:! the Con- vention compelled the heirs of Mme. de Pompa- <Iour to pay him (iO.OOO francs damages. In 1791-92 Thierry published Lc despot isme dcvoilf, oti mimoires de Latude, which attained great notoriety. LATTJS BECTUM (Lat., straight side) . In mathematics, tin- lutus rectum of a conic section is the double ordinate of a focus, or the focal chord parallel to the directrix. Its length in the ellipse and hyperbola (q.v.) is rz- and in the a parabola tj' = 4/jjr it is 4p, or twice the distance of the foius from the directrix. See Parameter. EAXJBAK, lou'ban. A town in the Province of Silesia, Prussia, on the (Jueis, at the con- verging of three railway lines, 40 miles west- southwest of Liegnitz (Map: Prussia, F 3). It has a fourteenth-century convent, a lyceum. and a municipal library. Its industries include woolen, linen, and cotton weaving, bleaching, and the manufacture of earthenware. Population, in 1900, 13,792, Lauban is mentioned as early as the tenth century, and once belonged to the league of the si. towns of Lusatia, LAUBE, lou'bc, IlEiNRicii (180G-84), A Ger- man novelist and dramatic author. He was born at Sprottau in Silesia, and, after studying the- ologj' at Halle and Bieslaii, made his home at Leipzig, He aroused the hostility of the Covern- ment by his participation in the liberal move- ment of the time, and in 1834 was expelled from Saxony and .served a term of imprisonment at Berlin, After marrying, getting once more into prison, and traveling through France and Algeria, he returned to Leipzig in 1839. He was a mem- ber of the Frankfort National Assembly (1848- 49), and in 1849 became director of the Burg Theatre at Vienna, a position which he held till 18G7, After a short sojourn at Leipzig (18(f9- 70), he returned to Vienna and acted as direct- or of the Stadt Theatre till 1879, The first period of his literary career was marked by the rapid output of novels dealing with the history of Germany, as well as with contem- porary social and political conditions. He also published essays and books of travel. After 1845 his attention was directed chiefly to the stage. His plays are well wrought and clev- erly written, and show a remarkable mastery of the technique of the stage. Of his novels, the most important are: Das junqe Eiiropa (1833-37); Das Oliick (18.37): Der Priilendenf (1842) ; Die Orafin Chateaubriand (1843) ; Der deulsche Krieg (1863-66): Die Bohminrier (1880) : Louison (1884), On the stage he first attained a reputation with his tragedy Mrmal- deschi (184,5). and the comedy RoJcolo (1846). These were followed by Struensee (1847), Gott- sehed und GeUert (1847), Die Karhsehiiler (1847), Oraf Essex (1856). Montrose (1859), Hose Zunrim (1868), and Demetrius (1872) ; the last was an attempt at completing Schiller's un- finished drama of that name. His works were published at Vienna in 16 volumes (1875-82). Consult Gottschall. "Heinrich Laube," in Unaere Zeit, vol. ii, (1884), LAUD, William (1573-1645). Archbishop of C'aiiterliurv. the ui)holder of Church authority in the time of Cliarles I. He was the son of a clothier in good circumstances, and was born at Reading, in Berkshire, October 7, 1573. He en- tered Saint .John's College, Oxford, in 1589, be- came a fellow in 1593, and took his degree of M.A. in 1598. Ordained a priest in 1001, he soon made himself conspicuous at the university by his antipathy to Puritanism ; but, being then a person of very little consequence, he only suc- ceeded in exciting displeasure against himself. Yet his learning, his jjersistent and definite eccle- siasticism, and the genuine unselfishness of his devotion to the Church, soon won him both friends and patrons. In 1607 he was preferred to the Vicarage of Stanford, in Xortham])tonsliire, and in 1608 obtained the advowson of North Kil- worth in Leicestershire, In 1009 he was ap- pointed rector of West Tilbury, in Essex ; in 1011, in spite of strong opposition, president of Saint .John's College, Oxford; in 1014, Prebendary of Lincoln; and in 1615, Archdeacon of Hunting- don. King .James now began to show favor to Laud, and in 1010 made him Dean of Gloucester. In 1017 Laud accompanied his sovereign to Scot- land, with the view of introducing episcopacy into the Church government of that country, but the attempt failed. In 1021 he was consecrated Bishop of Saint David's, After the accession of Charles I, he was translated from the See of Saint David's to that of Bath and Wells ( 1020) , became high in favor at Court, was more than ever hated by the Puritans, and was denounced in Parliament, In 1628 he was made Bishop of London, After the assassination of Buckingham Laud became virtually the chief minister of Charles, and undertook to carry out the policy which he be- lieved to be right with great lirmness and per- sistency. It was not in accord with the spirit of the times, how'ever, or suited to the temper of the people. In 16.30 he was chosen chancellor of the University of Oxford, the centre of High- Church loyalty. From this period he was for several years busily but fruitlessly emploj-ed in trying to repress Puritanism, In the High Com- mission and Star Chamber courts the influence of Laud was supreme; but the penalty he paid for this influence was the hatred of the English Parliament and of the people generally. In 1033 he was raised to the Archbishopric of Canterbury, and in the same year was made chancellor of the University of Dublin, The famous ordinance re- garding Sunday sports, which was published about this time by royal command, was believed to be drawn up by Laud, and greatly increased the dislike felt toward him by the Ptiritans, His minute alterations in public worship, his regula- tions abotit the proper position of the altar and the fencing of it with decent rails, his forcing Dutch and Walloon congregations to use the Eng- lish liturg% and all Englishmen to attend the parish church where they resided, are character- istic of his principles and policy. During 1035-37 another effort was made by him to establish episcopacy in Scotland : but the first attetnpt to read the liturgy in Saint Giles's Church, Edin- burgh, excited a dangerous tumult, (See f;EDDE,s, .Texnt, ) Proceedings were finally taken against him, and on March 1, 1641, he was, by