Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/18

LAUDERDALE. 6 one occasion in tlic garb alTcclcd by the Jaco- bin organization. His attitude toward the Jliu- istry prevented his reelection in IT'JO and 1S02, but in iSO() lie became a peer of Cireat Britain and Ireland (Baron Lauderdale of Thirlestane, Berwick), Lord High Keeper of the tireat Seal of Scotland, and a nienibtr of the I'rivy Council. He resigned in 1S07, was long prominent in the opposition in the House of Lords, and the leader of the Scottish Whigs. Ultimately, however, he became a Tory. His attack (with the Duke of Bedford) on the pension of Burke was answered by Burke in the well-known Letter to a Xoble Lord (1790). His writings include an Iii</uiry Into the Xiiture and Origin of J'nblic Wialtli (1804; second enlarged edition. 1810: translated into Italian and French) and a Considerable list of |ianiiihlcts. LAUDERDALE, John Maitland, Duke of ( l(illi-s2 I . . Scotch slalesiiian, the grandson of John, first Lonl Thirlestane, brother of the famous Secretary Lethington, and son of .John, first Karl of Lauderdale, and of Isabel, daughter of Alexan<ler Seaton, Earl of Dunfermline and (.'hancellor of Scotland. He was born at the ancient family seat of Lethington. May 24, Kilt). He received an excellent education, was carefully trained in Presbyterian principles, and entered pulilic life as a keen Covenanter. In 1043 he attended the Westminster Asseml)ly of Divines as an elder of the Church of Scotland, and was a party to the surrender of Charles I. to the English army at Newcastle. Shortly after, however, he changed his politics, and became a Itoyalist. When Charles 11. came to Scotland from Holland, Lauderdale accompanied lilm. Iiut, being taken at the battle of Worcester in Ifiol, was kept a prisoner for nine years. Set at liberty by General -Monk in llKiO, he hastened to The ]lague, and was warmly received by Charles. After the removal of Middleton in 1002, and of Rothes in 10G7, Lauderdale was practically the sole ruler of Scotland, and for some time dis- idayed a spirit of moderation and an ajiparent regard for tlie religious feelings of his country- men: but he .soon became a bitter persecutor of the Covenanters. In 1702 Charles showed his appreciation of Lauderdale's conduct by creat- ing him Marquis of March and Duke of Lauderdale; two years afterwards he was raised to the English peerage as Viscount Petersham and Earl of Guilford, and received a seat in the English Privy Council. He was one of the famous 'cabal': but, by his domineering arrogance, excited the disgust and hatred of his colleagues, as well as of the nation, fell into disgrace, was .stripped of his ofTices and pen- sions in 1082. and died at Tunbridge Wells, August 24 of the same year. Consult tlie articles by Airy in the Qnartrrli/ lierieir,, vol. clvii. (Lon- don, 1884). and in the Eniilish flistorical Ilrrieic, vol. i. (Londiin, ISSfi) : and a selection from the 30 vols, of Lauderdale MSS. in the British Mu- seum, edited for the Camden Society in .3 vols. (London. 1884-8.5). LAUD'IAN MANUSCRIPT (Coi.kx Lai- niAxrs). A valuable maniscript of the Acts of the Apostles, named after Archl)ishop Land, who in 10.30 presented it to the I'niversity of Oxford. It has in parallel columns and uncial letters the Greek text with a closely literal Latin version, diflTerent both from the Vulgate and from .Je- rome's. The Latin words arc always exactly LAUDONNIERE. opposite the Greek. The portion from x.xvi. 29 to xxvii. 20 has been lost. The vellum is in- ferior and the ink pale. It was probably written in the west of Europe and about the sixth cen- tury. It is now in the Bodleian Library, and is nunibered 35. It was published by Thomas Hearne (Oxford, 1715). LAUDON, lou'd'.n, or LOUDON, Gideo. Ernsi', Baron von (1717-90). An Austrian gen- eral, born at T<?otzen, Livonia, of an old Scotch family. After serving in the Ku.ssian army he went to Austria in 1742, and rose to be colunel at the outbreak of the Seven Years' War. Within a year his services raised him to the rank of major-general. He was present at the battles uf Rossbach and Hochkirch. and in 175'.) his forces with those of the Russian General Soltikotf over- whelmed the army of Frederick the Great ;it Kunersdorf. He won further victories at Glat/. and Landshut. He became baron (1758) and Aulic Councilor (1700). In 1709 he was com- mandant-general in Bohemia, and in 1778 became field-marshal. In the Turkish War of 1788-8'.i he captured Belgrade. In 1790 he was niaile generalissimo. LAUDONNIERE, 16'do'nyrir', ReniS de ( ■.- c.loSll). A French navigator of the si.xteenth century. In 1502 he was with Ribaut (q.v. ) when the latter made his unsuccessful at- tempt to establish a Huguenot colony at Port Royal in South Carolina, and two years later was dispatched at the head of a second expedition to the New World. On June 25. 1504, he arrived off the mouth of the Saint «  .John's River, Florida, and, .sailing up the . river for a distance of five miles, began the erec- i tion of a fort, which he named Caroline, in honor of Charles IX. LaudonniSre's management in- volved the colonists in quarrels with the Indians, upon whom they were dependent for supplies. Some of the number, mostly impoverished gentle- men, who resented the hard labor to which they were put, revolted against the rule of their leader, and forced him to sanction a marauding expedi- tion to pillage the Spanish .settlements in Cuba. Affairs went from bad to worse, and the colony was threatened with destruction for want of food. On August 3, 1505, Capt. John Hawkins, the celebrated English slaver and privateer, arrived off the mouth of the river and supplied the colo- nists with provisions, selling them also one of his ships, on which Laudonni&re intended to return to France. On August 29th .lean Ribaut arrived with seven ships and some 300 men, and .super- seded Laudonni&re in the command, the latter being ordered home to defend himself against accusations of tyranny and treason. His depar- ture for France was delayed by the appearance of ■a Spiinish flwt under Jlcnendez de Aviles, which had been dispatched for the purpose of driving out the French. On September 10th Ribaut set out in his ships to attack the Spaniards at Saint Augustine, leaving Laudonni^re in com- mand at the fort. About ten days later Menen- dez de Aviles .stormed the fort, and a massacre of the colonists ensued. Landonni&re sne- ceeded in effecting his escape. With the rest of the survivors of the massacre he was rescued by the remnant of the French fleet. He "went to Eng- land, and did not retiirn to France until 1566. Twenty years later he published L'histoire no- tfihte de la FJoride, contenant te.5 trois voynqes fnites en icelle par des capitaines et des pilotes