Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/205

LIBERA. LIB'ERA. In Roman mythology, the wife of Liber, the wine god, identified with Perse- phone. Her festival, Liberalia, occurred on the ITth of ilarch. LIBERAL REPUBLICAN PARTY. In American history, the name given to a short- lived political party which participated in the Presidential campaign of 1872, composed largely of 'bolters' from the regular Republican oi-ganiza- tion. The party first appeared as a prominent political factor in Missouri in 1870, under the leadership of Carl Schurz and B. Gratz Brown, the latter of whom by a fusion of Lilieral Re- ])ublicans with a large element of the Demo- cratic Party, was elected Governor. The faction here declaimed for "universal amnesty and univer- sal enfranchisement," a reform in the tariff, an effective civil-service system, and a cessation of "unconstitutional laws to cure kuklux disorders, irreligion. or intemperance." As President Grant's first term drew near its close, disaf- fection in the Repuldican ranks throughout the country became increasingly pronounced, chiefiy because of the President's policy of severity with regard to the Southern whites and his alleged misuse of his appointing power. In answer to a call issued by the triumphant fusionists of Missouri on January 24, 1872, a Xational Liberal Republican Convention met at Cincinnati on ilay 1st, and after much discussion, Horace Greeley was ^nominated for President and B. Gratz Bro«-n for Vice-President, on a platform which, evading the tariff issue, declared for universal amnesty, the reestablishment of civil governments through- out the South, and civil-service reform. On June 9th the Democratic convention assembled iit Baltimore formally accepted the candidates and the platform of the Liberal Republicans, though a dissenting element subsequently met at Louisville and nominated Charles O'Conor for President and John Quincy Adams for Vice-Presi- dent. The campaign was marked by much ill- feeling and considerable personal abuse. Cireeley being especially attacked because of his affiliation with the Democrats, whom formerly, as a Re- publican, he had consistently opposed. In the election the fusion candidates ere overwhelm- ingly defeated. Grant, the Republican candidate, being reelected l)y an electoral vote of 286 to 63. The party, as an organization, did not survive the campaign. Among those besides Greeley and Brown who had been more or less prominently identified with the party were Charles Francis Adams, Lyman Trumbull, Carl Schurz, David Davis. Stanley Matthews, Horace White, George V. .Tulian, and David A. Wells. LIBERAL UNIONISTS. A political party formed in Cxreat Britain in 1886 through a di- vision in the Liberal Party. It was headed by Lord Hartington. Joseph Chamberlain, and G. 0. Trevelyan, and was composed of those Liberals who thought that the Empire should be preserved 'compact and complete.' The divi- sion then took place upon the introduction of the Home Rule Bill, by Jlr. Gladstone. For a num- ber of years after their secession the Liberal Unionists maintained their separate organization, and claimed to stand for distinctive nrincinles. At present (1903) they have for all practical purposes become merged in the Conservative Party. See Home Rule. Vol. XII. - 13. 187 LIBERIA. LIBERATOR, The (Sp. El Libertador). A name applied to the South American patriot Boh'var. LIBERATOR, The. An anti-slavery journal founded in 1S31 liy William Lloyd Garrison. It was pulili>luMl until 1865. LIBERATORE, lo-ba'ra-tS'rfi, NiccoLo di. The correct name of the Umbrian painter some- times called Xiccolo Alunno (q.v.).' LI'BER DIUR'NUS RO'MANO'RUM PONTIF'ICUM (Lat., Journal of tlic l;.ii,K.n Pontiffs). Tlic title of a collection of fiuiuulas used in the Papal chancery from the fifth to the eleventh century in preparing certain documents, e.g. when sending the pallium, granting si)ecial privileges. Papal appointments, etc. Owing to altered conditions, it was no longer useful, and so was laid aside and after a time forgotten. When manuscript copies were discovered in Rome and elsewhere in the seventeenth century preparations were made for printing it, but the censorship refused permission : and though it was printed in Paris by the Jesuit Gamier (1080), the first official edition came out under the auspices of Benedict XIII. in 1724. The best edition is that of T. E. von Sickel (Vienna, 1889). LIBE'RIA (Xeo-Lat, from Lat. lihn; free). A negro republic on the Grain Coast of West Africa, bounded on the north by French Guinea, on the east by the French Ivory Coast, on the southwest by the Atlantic, and on the west by Sierra Leone (Map: Africa, D 4). The coastline is about 400 miles long, extending from the Mano to the Cavally. The area is estimated at 35,000 square miles. The boundaries were not fixed with England and France until 1885 and 1802, that part of the interior which drains into the Niger having finally, in the latter year, fallen to France. Only the coast strip, with an average width of 7 miles, is de- veloped and administered. It is swampy and flat. The interior is elevated, and clothed with valua))le forests of gum-trees, oil-palms, and pepper-shrubs. The hill land is healthful and naturally productive, and is the abode of ele- phants and buffalos. Among the numerous rivers — all comparatively small — are Saint Paul's (supposed to be 200 miles long), Saint John's, and Cestos. Some gold has been found, and the metal is thought to exist in large quantities. The cli- mate has been called the hottest known on the globe, but is not considered so dangerous to wliite nu'ii as that of Sierra Leone. January is the warm- est month. There are two rainy sea.sons. one in Jime and .July, the other in October and Xovein- ber. The soil along the coast is very rich, and coffee is the leading crop. Liberian coffee being famed for excellence. The manufacturing inter- ests are small. There are. however, several American. English, and German factories. The trade is also small and is mostly with Great Brit- ain and CJerniany. It is not in a satisfactory con- dition. The coast is generally dangerous for ves- sels. The chief exports are coffee, rubber, cacao palm oil, and palm kernels. The rubber exports are controlled by a syndicate. The annual im- ports amount to" less than $1,000,000. They are chiefly cotton fabrics and iron. The constitution is framed after that of the I'nited States. There are a President. Vice-Presi- dent, a council of six ministers, and a Senate and a House of Representatives. The. total mem- bership of both Houses is 22. Voters must be of