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LIBEB PONTIFICALIS. 189 LIBEBTINES. which was jjiulialily written before his death (306). The original il^^. has been lost, but several copies of it, taken in the seventeenth I century from other copies, are extant. Another ' list of the popes comes down to Felix IV. (530). Tarts of it are almost literal copies from the former, but many additional particulars are given, drawn from various sources and having different degrees of historical value. Both lists were afterwards continued and ultimately formed the Liber Poutiticalis, the oldest known copy of which belongs to the end of the seventh or the beginning of the eighth century. A first con- tinuation of it extends to Gregory II., who became Pope in 714, and a second ends with >5tephen III., 757. After this time several other continuations were made, the latest of which terminates, as has been mentioned, with Stephen ., 891. Besides the sources already spoken of, materials for the history were furnished by traditions, written documents, buildings, inscrip- tions, and other moimments. Additions to the book have been made: (1) By three histories of the popes, the authors of which are not known, (a) from Lando (913) to Gregory VII. (1073), and belonging to the eleventh century; (b) ex- tending down to the same date, and written dur- ing Gregory's life: (c) from Paschal II., in the early part of the twelfth century. (2) By a his- tory written in the thirteenth century, extending from Gregory* VII. to Honorius II. ("1129). (3) Byhistories originating at the close of the twelfth century. The text is published in iligne. Patrol. I. (it., c.xx'ii., c.xxviii. (under Anastasius), but much better by L. Duchesne (Paris, 1886-92, vol. i.), and by Mommsen in Monumenta Ger- miniiir Hifstorini ( F.crlin, 1898, sqq.). LIBER STUDIO'KUM (Lat.. book of stud- ies ) . A set of prints from engraved plates pre- pared by J. M. V. Turner from his own designs, and published in parts between the years 1807-16. The intention was, probably, to issue one hundred plates, but only seventy-one were published, of which number one, the frontispiece, did not ap- pear until several years after the commencement of the work and was then presented to the sub- scribers. More plates had been prepared, and prints from some of these are accessible. They are called "the unpublished plates,' and are of very great value. Tlie first scheme seems to have been to use aquatinta (q.v. ) for the plates, with a skeleton or substratum of etched outline by Turner's own hand. The great majority of the plates are, however, in mezzotint, done by Charles Turner. T. Hodgetts. G. Clint, Thomas Lupton. and others; and the etching of each plate was in nearly every case by the designer himself. ,T. il. W. Turner. These etchings are generally of the most extraordinary merit and interest, and copies of them are greatly in de- mand. A very few of the plates are entirely in mezzotint, and by Turner himself, and these are of especial and peculiar importance to the stu- dent of landscape art. Single prints in the first state are quoted at several httndred dollars. A comjilete set in the finest condition mav be worth $10,000. The biographies of Turner treat of JAhrr Slurlionim, as it forms an important epi- sode in the early prime of the artist's life. Good special commentaries are Rawlinson. Turner's Liher l^tudiornm. a Description and Catalogue (London. 1878) : P'p. oles and Memoranda Respecting the lAher fttudiorum of Turner (Lon- don, 1879) ; Brooke, yotes on the Liber Studio- rum of J. M. V. Turner (London, 1885). One of the illustrated catalogues of the Burlington Fine Arts Club is devoted to the work. LIBERTAB, lenfir-taD'. A maritime depart- ment of Peru, bounded by the ilepartments of Lambaycque, Cajamarca, and Amazonas on the north, Loreto on the east, Ancachs on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west (ilap: Peru, B 5). Its area is estimated at over 10,000 square miles. A large part of the surface is occupied by the Andes. The strip along the coast is dry and low. The eastern part is crossed from south to north by the upper course of the Mara- fion (Amazon). Some of the valleys in that part of the department are very fertile. Mineral de- posits are supposed to exist in the mountains, but mining is neglected. Population, according to ollicial estimates, in 1895, 250,931. The capi- tal is Trujillo (q.v.). LIBERTIES, The. The name given to a dis- trict of Uulilin. Ireland, formerly the home of citizens holding ceitain privileges. It contained many magnificent residences, but is now occupied by the poorer classes. LIBERTINES (Lat. libertinus, relating to * freedman, from libertus, freedman, from liber, free ) , SYXAfiOGiE of the. A synagogue at Jeru- salem, mentioned in Acts vi. 9: "Then there arose certain of the synagogue, which is called the syn- agogue of the Libertines, and Cyrenians, and Al- exandrians, and of them of (_'ilicia and of Asia, disputing with Stephen." The expression may mean Synagogue of Freedmen, referring to Jews who had been taken prisoner bx Pompey, carried to Rome, and afterwards set free, and whose de- scendants may have returned to Jerusalem and formed, either alone or with other .Jews, a syna- gogue there. A geographical term, however, would suit the context better in view of the four other geographical names. And in view of the African names Alexandria and Cyrene, it would seem that an African name should head the list. The reading Libyatines has been suggested for Liber- tine's, and is confirmed by an Armenian version which reads 'of Libyans.' If this plausible sug- gestion be accepted, the passage refers probably to two synagogues, one made up of African Jews from Libya. (Tyrene, and Alexandria, the other made up of .lews from Cilicia and Asia. Con- sult Blass, Philology of the (lospels (New York, 1898). LIBERTINES, The. or SpiRiTr.i.i.STS. (1) An odious and pernicious sect that sprang up in the sixteenth century in the Reformed Church of France. They arose in Flanders about 1.525, perhaps as a recrudescence of the ancient Beg- hards (see Beguixes) and Brothers and Sisters of the Free Spirit (q.v.). They are said to have made 4000 proselytes in France alone, and not onlv among the lower classes, but also among the higher and learned. They obtained the favor and protection of Margaret. Queen of Xavarre, sister to Francis I., and found patrons in several of the Rpfomied churches. They cnlled them- selves Libertines and Spiritual Brethren and Sis- ters. Their system was pantheistic and anfi- nomian. From being a mere dogma, it degenerated into open and avowed sensvialism. Calvin sternly denounced their principles, and it was because of his efforts that this sect left France, took refuse in the Netherlands, and at last entirely dis-