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LIDDON. 213 LIEBEB. days of French preaching. He took a leading part in numerous imjjortant movements, in oppo- sition to the Public Worship Regulation Act. in defense of the Athanasian Creed, in the founda- tion at Oxford of Keble College and the Pusey House, and in censure of what he considered the dangerous teachings of Lux Mundi (see Gore, Chables). At the time of his death he was en- gaged in the preparation of an elaborate life of Dr. Pusey, and had three volumes practically completed; it was afterwards edited for publica- tion by .Johnston and Wilson (2d ed., 4 vols., Lon- don. 1803-07). He was elected Bishop of Edin- burgh in 1886, but did not accept. His pub- lished works consist largely of sermons, of which the niost important are his Bampton Lectures On the Divinity of Our Lord and fiaciour Jesus Christ (1866). Consult Donaldson, Five Great Oxford Leaders (London, 1900). LIDNER, led'ner, Bexgt (1757-93). A Swed- ish poet, born at Giiteborg. When he went to the University of Lund (1774) he became the head 01 a coterie of youthful poets. Already dissi- pated, he had to leave the university at the end of a year, and took his degree at Rostock. At Stockholm he published a collection of fables that attracted the attention of the King. Gustavus III., who sent him to Paris as secreta-ry of the Ambassador, Creutz, While there he wrote his tragedy, Erik XIV. His most remarkable poems are Grefrinnan Spostaras Dod and Aret 1783. and Medea, a tragedy. His complete works were pub- lished in 1788, and again, with a biography by Sander, in 1859, LIDO, le'do, A range of low islands separat- ing the lagune of Venice from the Adriatic, At the northern end lies the port of Venice, also called Lido, LIE, Iv, Jox-^s L.rETTZ Edemil (1833—). A Norwegian novelist, born at Eker, June 11, 1833. He studied at Christiania. where he asso- ciated with Bjornson and Ibsen, at first practiced law, and then gave himself to literature, jour- nalism, and teaching. His first novel. The Vision- ary (1870; trans. 1894), was warmly received and the Norwegian Government accorded him a traveling stipend. He went to the far North and to Rome, where he wrote Tales and Sketches from yorway (1872), His knowledge of the sea and coast life gave a peculiar flavor to The Bark 'Future' (1873, trans. 1879). and The Pilot and Hisi Wife ( 1874) , the latter his most widely known novel. He received from the Government the Poet's Pension, and in the main lived abroad in German cities and in Paris, producing some score of good novels and two mediocre comedies. In the novels, The SInre for Life (1883) marks a tuining-point. His earlier work — Thomas Poss (1878), Adam Schrader (1879), both urban: Rutland (1881), Press On (1882), both sea-tales — is poetic and svmpathetic. From 1883 oaward— The Familu at Gilje ( 1893) ,J^ Maelstrom (1884), Eiqht Stories (1885), The Daughters of the Commodore (1886), Married Life (1887), Evil Poicers (1890), Troll L and II. (1891-92). A'iobe(1893), Maisa /on.5( 1900) — Lie falls under the domination of the French Naturalistic School. In seeking to be more true to real life he fi.xes his eyes on its less pleasant aspects, but sympathy and humor never desert him when he writes of the sea. Many of Lie's stories have been trans- lated into English, German, and other languages. Lie's return to Norway in 1893 after twelve years' absence was celebrated as a national festival. LIE, SoPHU,s (1842-99), A Norwegian math- ematician, born at Nordfjord, near Bergen. He studied at Christiania and, on receiving a travel- ing scholarship in 1869, visited Germany, Italy, and France, In the following year he began teaching at Christiania, He received his doctor's degree in 1871, presenting a remarkable thesis, '"On a Class of Geometric Transformations." From 1872 to 1886 he held the chair of mathe- matics in the University of Christiania, and was then called to Leipzig to succeed Klein. In 1898 he was again called to the University of Christi- ania, and died there in January of the following year. Lie's gi'eatest work was in the theorj' of diflTerential equations and in his discovery of con- tinuous transformation groups. His best known works include: Theorie der Transformationsgrup- pen. (1888-93); Vorlfsungcn iibcr Differenlial- gleichungen mit hekannten infinitesimalen Trans- formationen, and also Ueber continuierliche Grup- pen (edited by Seheffers, 1891, 1893). For a complete list of his works consult Engel, '"Sophus Lie," in Bibliotheca Mathematica, ser. 3, vol. i. (Stockholm, 1890) ; for biography, Engel, in the -Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathe- matiker-Vereinigung, vol. viii. (Berlin. 1900) ; Darbou.x. in the Comptes Rendus de I'Acadcmie des Sciences, vol. exxviii. (Paris, 1899) ; Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society (New York, 1899), LIEBEN", le'bfn, A town in the Crownland of Bohemia, Austria, at the confluence of the Rokytnitzbach and the Holdau (on the right bank of the latter), 2ii miles northeast of Prague. Weaving, spinning, tanning, dyeing, lace-making, and manufactures of machinery, chemicals, card- board, colors, pipes, and gloves constitute the leading industries of the town. Population, in 1800, 12,530: in 1900, 21.300, LIEBENSTEIN. le'ben-stm. A ruined castle on the Rhine, near Saint Goar. which, with the neighboring Castle of Sterrenberg, is associated with a legend of two brothers estranged tl^-ough their love for their foster-sister Hildegarde. The castles are hence known as the Two Brothers. XIEBER, leljer. Ebxst (1838-1902). A Ger- man politician, leader of the Clericals. He was born at Camberg. studied law in Wiirzburg. Mu- nich, Bonn, and Heidelberg, and, after taking a prominent part in the politics of Hesse-Nassau, was chosen to the Prussian House of Deputies in 1870 and to the Reichstag in 1870, He was one of the founders of the Centrum in eacli of these Houses, and after Windhorst's death succeeded in part to its leadership, opposing in 1893 the eflforts of the moderate Clericals to come to an agreement with the Government, but afterwards practically accepting their programme. LIEBER, Fr.xcis (1800-72). A German- American publicist. He was born in Berlin, March 18, 1800. In 1815 Lieber enlisted in the Prussian Army, fought at Ligny and Waterloo, and in the attack on Namur was severely wound- ed. After Napoleon's overthrow he studied in Berlin. and becoming imbued with liberal political ideas, was. in 1819, accused of plotting against the Government and imprisoned. The charges never came to trial, hut on his discharge he was forbidden to study at the Prussian universities. In 1820 he took his degree at Jena. On the out-