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LIEBKNXCHT. 216 LIECHTENSTEIN. months on the charge of Itse uiajeste. He wrote: Zur Urund- uiid liodenfrage flSTU) ; EmBUckin die ncue Well (188U), relating his impressions of a trip to the L iiitod States niaile in that year; ■ UulnrI liluiii i:,id seine Zeit (I'd ed. 18U0) ; He- schivlile der Iraiizosischeii Recolulion (1890); Die Einscr Dcpesche (otii ed. 18!)2) ; Robert Owen (1892); and Volksfremdwiirterhuch (7th ed. 1894). LIEBLEIN, leli'lin, Jens Daniel Carohjs (1827—). A Norwegian Kgj-ptologist, horn at (,'hristiania. He studied in the Lnivcrsitj' of C'hrisliania, at Berlin under Brugsch and Lep- sins, in Paris and Turin at the expense of the iState, and later at London and Levden. He was made professor at Christiania in 1870. As repre- sentative of Norway he was present at tlic open- ing of the Suez Canal (1809), and traveled in Kgypt again in 1887-88 and 1899-191)0. His carlie.st puhlieation wa.s AegyjjIiKehc I'lironoloijic (1803), whiih did much to systematize that branch, especially in the sequel; llccherchcs siir la chronologic eiiyptienne d'aprcs Ics listes genfnlogiques (1873). His other works include: Dicliunnairr dcs notns hicroglyphiiiues, en ordre genfaloyique et utphabetique (1871), which is supplemented by Hieroglt/phiscltoi <inicntc<jrl(r- hiich ( 1S91 I : (IdinmHwgjiplisk UiUciioti (1883- 85) ; Htindcl iind Schiffahrt (iiif dcm rolheii Mccrc in alien Zciten (1880) ; Lc livre egyptien: Que inon noin fleurisse (1895). LIEBLING, leb'llng. Emil (1851-). A Cci iiiaiiAnierican iiianist and composer, born in Plcss. Silesia. He studied music and the jiiano with Elirlich. Dorn. and KullaU in Berlin, and with Dachs in Vienna. In 18(i7 he came to the Vnited States, where he settled as a music- teacher. Ipon a subsequent visit to Europe he studied under Liszt at Weimar. After 1872 he was identified with the musical life of Chicago. His compositions include piano pieces and songs, the most of which have met with considerable popular favor. LIEBLING, Sally (1859—). A German piani~t. Iiom at Posen. He studied, music and the piano under Bendel, Kullak. and Weitzmann in Berlin. He made a number of concert tours in Oermany. and with Thomas's Orchestra in the Vnited States (1875). He snl)seqnently gave many recitals with well-known artists. In 1884 he studied for a time under the direction of Liszt at Weimar, and in 1888 founded the new conservatory of music at Berlin. — His brother, Georg (1805 — ), also became a distinguished musician. He studied the piano under the best masters, and made many European concert tours. In 1899 be was made Court ])ianist to the Duke of SaxeCoburg-Gotha. His salon compositions are noteworthy, especially the Air de linllct and Romance: a gavotte, and the vocal JAeblings- tDalzcr. sung with great success by Nikita. LIEBMANN. leb'mftn. Otto (1840—). A German philosopher, born at Liiwenberg and edu- cated at Leipzig and Halle. He was made pro- fessor at Strassbnrg (1872) and went to .Jena in 1882. His writings are: Tier Monafe ror Parix. a journal published anonymously (1871) ; Kant und die Epigonen ( 1805) , in which, criticis- ing the followers of Kant, he urged a rettirn to their master and became the first of the Neo- Kantians; Ueber die Freiheit dcs ^YiUeHS (18GG); I'cbcr den objektiren Anblick (18G9), and Amilysis dcr Wirklichkeit (3d ed. 1900) ; liedanken und Thalsachcn (1882-99); Klimux der Thcoriccn {IHSi) ; Ocist der Transeenilmlal- philosophic (1991); (Jrundriss der kritischcn Aletaphy.-iik (1901). LIEBBECHT, leb'reKt, Felix; (1812-90). A German linguist and fcdklurist. born at Namslau. Educated at Breslau, Munich, and Berlin, he be- came professor of German at the Athenee Royal in Li^ge in 1849, and retired in 1807. He was the author of many valuable translations with excellent notes — for example, of Giambat- tista Basile's Pcntanierone (1840), with an in- troduction by .lakob Grimm; of liarlaam und Josaphal, by Damascenus (1847): of Diuilop's lleschichle der I'rosddichluiigen (1851) : and of the Otia Imperialia of Gervase of Tilbury ( 1850) . 'arious monograj)hs of his were collected under the title Zur ]'olk.ikunde (1879). LIEBKEICH, le'briK, Oskar (1839—). A tkTnian ))harmacol()gist. He was born at Kiinigs- bcrg. studied chemistry under Frcsenius in Wies- baden and medicine in Kiinigsberg, Tiil)ingen. and Berlin, and in the last-mentioned university be- came assistant in 1807. professor of therapeutics in 1808, and direettu' of the pharmacological insti- tute in 1872. He introduced the method of phaneroscopic illumination for the study of lupus; showed the value ()f cantharidin in tuber- culosis, of mercuric forniamide and of lanolin in syphilis, of butylclilural hydrate and of ethylene chloride as ana'sthetics, and of chloral hydrate as a soporific; and in 1805 gave the name prota- gon to a proximate principle discovered in the brain and in blood-corpuscles. Liebreich edited the Theriipeulisehe Monatshefte (1887 sqq.) and the Eneyklopiidie der Therapie (1895 sqq.), and with Langgaard published a Kompendium der Ar:>icirerordniiiig foth ed. 1902). LIECHTENSTEIN, leii'tcn-stln. An inde- pendent principality, lying between Austria and Switzerland, with the exception of Monaco and San ilarino the smallest independent State of Europe. It is bounded by Vorarlberg on the north and east, and the Swiss Cantons of Grisons and Saint-Gall on the south and west. The area is sixty-five square miles. The surface is ex- tremely mountainous except in the western part. The country is traversed north and .south by two ramifications of the Rhnetian Alps, and reaches in the Naafkopf an altitude of about 8440 feet. The Rhine forms the western boundary of Liechten- stein. The valley of the Samina, a tribiitary of the 111, separates the mountain chains in the south. The climate is generally mild and health- ful, but sudden storms are frequent. .Agrictil- ture. gardening, stock-raising, weaving, and the production of wine and of various wooden arti- cles are the principal industries. Liechtenstein has belonged since 1800 to the Austrian Customs- I'nion. Its annual share of the customs receipts amounts to about .'};8000. The principality is a constitutional monarchy, with the crown hereditary in the male line. The Constitution, first adopted in 1802 and modified in 1878 and 1895, vests the legislative power in the Prince and in a Landtag of fifteen members, three appointed by the Prince and twelve elected indireetly, for four years. The highest adminis- trative authority is the Court of Chancellery at Vienna, to which the administration at Vaduz,