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LIGHT. 253 LIGHTHOUSE. lapse of time. The casement of lights belongs to the class of so-called negative easements, as it involves no trespass or encroachment on a neigh- bor's land, but has the purely negative operation of preventing him from so using his land as to interfere materially with the light enjoyed by the premises to which the right attaches. The easement once created continues so long as the house stands to which it is appurtenant or until the latter is so altered as to show an abandon- ment of the right by the owner thereof. It should be noticed that one may always open windows overlooking another's premises without thereby infringing the latter's property rights, but that, in the absence of an easement of light, such windows may be darkened by the owner of such premises at his pleasure. See Easemext, and authorities there cited. LIGHT, Staxdakds of. See Photometry. LIGHTEK (from light, AS. leoht, Goth. leihts, OHG. lihti, lilit, Ger. leicht, light, not heav}-; probably connected with Lat. levis, Lith. Itntjicus, Gk. iaxit, eluchys, Skt. laghu, rayhu, light). A strong, heavy. Hat -bottomed boat of large size used for transporting cargo or heavy weights to and from ships. It is usually open, but the larger lighters have a deck and very large hatches with light, removable covers. In large harbors the lighters usually have a mast and a single sail set on a gati', but without a boom. In small harbors, oars or sweeps are the customary motive power. LIGHT'FOOT, John (1602-75). One of the earlier Hebrew scholars of England. He was born at Stoke-upon-Trent, in Staffordshire, March 29, 1602. He studied at Christ's Col- lege, Cambridge, and after entering into orders, became chaplain to Sir Rowland Cotton in Lon- don, who, being himself a good Hebrew scholar, inspired Lightfoot with a desire to become one also. In 1629 appeared his Erubhim, or ilisccl- latiies. Christian and Judaical. dedicated to Cot- ton, who in 16.30 presented him to the rectory of Ashley in Staffordshire. In 1642 he removed to London that he might have better opportuni- ties for the prosecution of his favorite study; and in 1643 he was chosen rector of Saint Bar- tholomew's, near the Exchange, to the parishion- ers of which he dedicated his Handful of Glean- ings (,ut of the Book of Exodus (1643). His most important work is Horce Hebraicw et Tal- mudicrr. etc. (16.58-74). reedited in English by Gandell (4 vols., Oxford, 1859). It is a com- mentary on parts of the New Testament from rabbinical sources. Lightfoot was one of the as- sembly of divines who met at Westminster in 1043. and, in the debates that took place there, betrayed predilection for the Presbyterian form of Church government. In 1644 he became rector of Great ^Iunden, Hertfordshire, and so remained the rest of his life. In 1650 he was appointed master of Saint Catharine Hall. Cambridge, and in 1654 vice-chancellor of the university. At the Restoration he was confirmed in his rectory and mastership, and in 1662 he complied with the terms act of the university. He was made a pre- bendary of Ely in 1668 and died there. Decem- ber 6. 1675. His works in English, original or translated, first appeared in a collected edition, 2 vols., at London. 1684: the best edition is by •T. R. Pitman, with biographv and bibliography (13 vols., London, 1822-25). " LIGHTFOOT, .losEi-ii li.RiiEB (1828-89). An English prelate and theologian. He was born in Liverpool and educated under James Princ^e Lee at King Edward's School, Birmingham, where his most intimate friend was E. W. Ben- son, the future Archbishop. Thence he went to Cambridge, where he was elected a scholar of Trinity in 1849 and a fellow in 1851. He was ordained deacon in 18.54 and priest in 1858 by his old schoolmaster, then Bishop of Manchester. He spent thirty years at Cambridge, taking a prominent place in all educational matters; he succeeded EUicott in 1861 as Uulsean professor of divinity, and Selwyn in 1870 as Lady Mar- garet professor. The duties of a canonry at Saint Paul's Cathedral (from 1871) and of a hard-working member of the company of New Testament revisers (1870-80) filled up all the time he could spare from Cambridge work. He liad declined the Bishopric of Lichfield in 1867, but accepted that- of Durham in 1879. One of his first steps was to move for a division of the immense diocese by the creation of the See of Newcastle; and he labored indefatigably imtil his death in 1889 to promote every form of spir- itual activity. He left a number of important theological works, especially the great edition of the .postolic Fathers (Clmient of Rome, 1869, 2d ed. 1890, on which he was working only three days before his death; Ignatius and Poli/carp, 1885, 2d ed. 1889), and commentaries with re- vised text on the Epistles to the Galatians (1865), Philippians (1868), Colossiatis and Philemon ( 1875 ) , all of which have gone through numerous editions. LIGHT'HALL, Wll-Li.M Douw (1857—). A Canadian author. He was born in Hamilton, Ontario, and graduated at McGill University in 1879. He subsequently studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1881. He devoted much of his time to literature; was made an honorary member of the Scottish Society of Literature and Art and a fellow of the Royal Society of Litera- ture of Great Britain. His publications include: Thoughts, Moods, and Ideals (1887) ; The Young Seigneur (ISSS) : The False liepentigny (1889) ; An Account of the Battle of Chuteaugay { 1889) ; and Montreal After i.H) Years (1892). LIGHTHORSE HARRY. A name given to the American general Henry Lee, on account of his cavalrv operations during the Revolutionary War. LIGHTHOUSE. A building on some con- spicuous point of the seashore, an island or rock, from which light is exhibited at night as a guide to mariners. The importance of such structures has been understood since very re- mote times, and the ancients devoted considerable attention to lighthouse construction, but it is only within the last hundred years that these aids to the mariner have been developed upon syste- matic and scientific lines. At present all maritime nations have governmental bureaus or depart- ments whose sole duty it is to establish and main- tain lighthouses. In France this body is known as the Commission des Phares, and its membership comprises four engineers, two naval officers, one member of the Institute, one inspector-general, and one hydrographic engineer. In England the Corporation of Trinity House has charge of the English lights; the Scottish lights are under the management of the Commissioners of North-