Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/292

LIGHTNING-ARRESTERS. 264 LIGNE. telephone apparatus. A similar device can be used where a number of lines are tu be protected. When the transmission of electric power over ex- posed lines became };eneral.mueh trouble wi^s ex- perienced with lightning, which would strike the 14- FlQ. 2. 3l_ line and come into the dynamos and break down their insulation at some point, passing through, and, thus establishing an arc, would "burn out' the machine. Fig. 2 shows a form of arrester used with dy- namos; A and 13 are connected to the two sides of the circuit, and C to the earth. The liglitning will jumj) from the toothed edges of the carbon plates D D' over to the plates E E' and thence through C to ■ the LINE LINE ^rth If E and E' were both connected directly to the earth, then a lightning dis- charge between DD' and EE' would es- tablish a double arc, thus vhnrtcircuiting the ilynamo through the ground. To avoid this difficulty E' is grounded through the small fuze-wire F. which will carry the liglitning, btit melts in two as soon as the heay dynamo current starts, thus breaking the short- circuit. There are other forms of arrester in which the lightning junii)s across between cylin- ders of so-called non-arcing metal, avoiding the use of the fuze, F, Fig. 2. Fig. .3 shows the manner in which the arrester is introduced to protect the generator. Even the best lightning-arresters do not afford com- plete protection, and many serious accidents still occur. LIGHTNING-BUG. See Fireflt. LIGHTNING-CONDUCTOR. See Light- XING. Protection from. LIGHT or ASIA, The. A poem by Sir Edwin Arnold (1878), treating of the life and teachings of Buddha. LIGHT OF THE WORLD, The. (1) A poem by Sir Edwin Arnold (1891). treating of the life of Christ. (2) An oratorio by Sir Arthur Sullivan (1873). (3) A painting by Uolnian Hunt at Keble College, Oxford, showing the Saviour standing with a lantern before a tightly closed door. LIGHTS. Lanterns used on board ship. There are the luiuiiiiy lights which are required by the 'Kules of the Road' (q.v.), and which consist of mast-head lights and side lights^ In addition to these there are signal lights used in making signals (q.v.) ; standing liglils, which are permanent lights on the lower decks or in the .superstructure for lighting passageways and huge compartments. It was formerly the cus- tom to extinguish lights in the wardroom at 10 P.M., and the jtniior officers' quarters at !l. except when an extension of time was granted by tile commanding ollicer. Since the introduction of electric incandescent lamps for ligliting men- of-war and the separation of the wardroom and jimior otiieers' messrooms from the staterooms the rules have become le.ss rigid. LIGHTS, Use of, in Piblic Wohsiiip. . practice which prevailed in the .Icwish (see Ex. x.v. 31-39) and most other ancient re ligions, and was retained in the Christian Church — not merely for the obvious purpose of illumination, but as a token of joy and with a symbolic allusion to Christ as the 'Light of the Vorld.' Tills particular symbolism finds its closest application in the paschal candle which is solemnly blessed on Holy Saturday. ( See Easter.) But it is clear that from very early times. demon.strably before the middle of the third century, the use of candles and lamps was an ordinary accompaniment of Cliristian worship, and of the administration of the sacrament of baptism. It has been maintained uninterruptedly bj' the Roman Catholic and Eastern churches: at the Keformation it was abandoned by mo?i Protestant bodies, though the Lutherans of (ler many have very generally retained it. and there are a few instances of its survival in England before the practice again became general in the ritualistic movement of the nineteenth century. In numerous English instances the altar-candles remained, but were not burned. In the Roman Catholic Church their usage is strictly regu- lated; priests are forbidden to say mass with- out at least two lighted tapers; the material is limited to wax. which is used unbleaehc'l on Good Friday and in masses for the dead. Candles are solemnly blessed for public and private use on the feast of the Purification, known by the English usage as Candlemas (q.v.). A small candle called bugia is placed upon the altar when a bishop celebrates mass: and in the case of the Pope, seven candles are carried before him or held on each side of him in allusion to the seven golden candlesticks of Rev. i. 12. Pure olive oil is required for lamps. The red lamp burning before an altar usually, though not invariably, denotes the pres- ence of the reserved Sacrament. For the history, consult Schmid. Drr chrisfliche Altar und sein Schniprk (Regensburg. 1871). LIGHTSHIP. See Lighthouse. LIGNE, Is'ny'. Ch.rle.s .To.sepii de. Prince (1735-1814). An Austrian soldier, diplomat, and author. He was born in Brussels, and descended