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LILAC. 268 LILIENCBON. Kuroiicaii yaidoiis. There are many fine single and double lluwered varielies. The blossoms, which appear in ilay in large terminal eluslers. are bluish, purple, or while, and very fragrant. The plant grows from li to 15 feet high, and is well adapted for grouping in landscape garden- ing. The wood is line-grained, and is used for inlaying, turning, and making small articles. The lilac succeeds almost anywhere, Inil does best upon a ricli deep loam. It is usually jiropa- gated by means of sueUers, which often appear too freely, or by cuttings of mature or green wood. Choice varieties, of which there are many, are often grafted on privet and conuiion lilac stocks. Flowers may be obtained throughout the }'ear by artilicial greenhouse methods. See Plate of Califok.nia .SiiKuns. LIL'BURNE, .Joii.N (1014-57). An English agitator and pamphleteer. Ue was born at Greenwich, and was educated at Newcastle and Auckland. He was a])prenticed to the wholesale cloth trade, but. imbibing opinions in opposition to the English Church, at the age of eighteen he went to Holland to procure the printing of a pamiihlet against the bishops. This he sought to circulate .secretly, but was exposed to the authori- ties, tried in the Court of the Star Chamber, con- demned in February, l(i.37, to receive ,500 lashes, to be pilloried and confined in prison, fined X500, and required to give security for good behavior. His courage before the judge and during his punishment gained him the sobriquet of 'Free- born .John.' Given his liberty in KUO, he placoil himself at the head of the 'levelers' (q.v.) and dcnKuidcd that Lord Stratford should be ar- raigned, lie was again arrested, and taken be- fore the Hou.se of Lords; but such was the pres- sure of public o])inion in his favor that Parlia- ment released him. and subseciuently declared his punishment tn have been illegal, barbarous, and tyrannical ; and recompensed him for his im- prisonment and injuries by the jiavment of £.3000. He joined the army of the Parliament against Charles L, became lieutenant colonel, was taken prisoner, and would have been hanged had not the Parliament's general, the Duke of Essex, threat- ened to hang Royalist prisoners in retaliation. He soon became dissatisfied with the Presbyte- rian leaders, and jniblished charges and denuncia- tions even against Cromwell. The latter pro- cured his trial before a commission, by whom he was acquitted. Emboldened by this, he began a violent agitation a.i.'ainst Cromwell, read in ftuh- lie .a pam[)hl('t entitled EntilfnuVs rir f'hiiittfi, anil in eonsequence was committed to the Tower. Thence he poured out political jiamphlets which gave him great ])iipularity with the people. He was again brought to trial, but the pressure of popular opinion in his favor determined his acquittal. But Cromwell soon after secured his condemnation and banishment for a vicious at- tack on Has<'lrig. He then resided in Brussels and Amsterdanj. After the dissolution of the Long Parliament he return<'d to England with- out permission, and was imprisoned in London Tower, in Elizabeth Castle. .Jersey, and in Dover Castle, from K).5.3 to lfi.56. He was released by Cromwell after having espoused the doctrines of the Friends, or Quakers. He died at Eltham. The title of his earliest biography is The f^elf- Afliirtfr Dr.irrihed (J.ondon. 10.57). For a com- plete bibliography of his pamphlets, consult Notes and Queries (London, 1888). LIL'IA'CEJE (NeoLat. nom. pi., from Lat. liiiuin, from Gk. Xeipioi', leirion, lily; connected with (ip6!, htros, >aU Lilh. liiliin, thin, .Skt. li, to vanish), The Lily Ea.mil. A natural or- der of nionoeotyledonous, mostly herbaceous, bul- bous, tuberous, or sometimes fibrous rooted plants and occasionally shrubs or trees, which last are mostly tropical. There are about 200 genera and 2000 species, most numerous in the warmer jiarts of the temi)erate zone. The dif- tcicnt uicinbers of this family exhibit wide dif- fcri'nccs in habit of growth. -Many are .xerophj'tes, some are succulents, some semiaipuitics. and a few climbers. The stem is simple, or branching toward the top. lealless or leafy. The leaves are simple, generally narrow, sometimes cylindrical, sometimes Sstular. The llowers are generally large, with si.x-cleft or si.x-toothed perianth, and grow singly or in spikes, racemes, umbels, heads, or panicles. The staniens are six, op])osite to the segments of the perianth ; the pistil has a superior three-celled, many-seeded ovary, and a single style. The order contains many of our finest garden, greenhouse, and hothouse flowers, lily, tulip, lily of the valley, tuberose, fritillary. and hyacinth ; many species useful for food, as onion, garlic, leek, and other species of Allium, asparagus, the quamash or biscuitroot {('(iiiinn- .sid enciilciita) of North America; many species valuable in medicine, as aloes, etc. ; useful fibre is obtained from some, such as the New Zealand hemp, bowstring hemp, yucca, etc. Xanthor- rhtpa and Draca-na yield resins; and Chloraga- lum is used as soap. Many systems of classifi- cation have been proposed, all technical and rather dilTicult. Tn that of Engler the order is divided into eleven suborders each embracing from one to many genera. The principal genera of the I'nited States are: Smilax, Allium, Camas- sia. Ornithogalum. Hemerocallis. Yucca. Conval- laria, Asi)aragns. Erythronium. Lilium, Trillium, Veratrum, and Zygadenus. The lily family is jioorly represented among fossil plants. Some scattered members appear in the Tertiary de- posits, but most of the fossil forms ascribed to this family seem to be of doubtful relationship. LILIENCBON, le'le-en-kron. Dktlev, Baron von ( 1.S44 — ). A German novelist and poet, best known as a lyrist and leader in revo- lutionary literary circles. He was born in Kiel, entered (he Prussian Army, served in the cam- paigns of 18(10 and of 1870-71. and was severely wounded in each. .Xfter traveling in .America — his mother was born in Philadelphia — he was in the em|)loy of the German Government until 1887, wlien he devoted himself entirely to litera- ture. One of the oldest of the 'Young German' authors. Ijiliencron was also one of the most in- fluential: he was a member of the Berlin 'Freie litterarische Gesellschaft' and one of the foimdcrs of the Munich '(?esellschaft fiir modernes J>eben.' Nearly all of the members of the new school in Germany became attached to him personally or by literary ties. His lyrics are better than his novels, among which incntion should be made of the popular Tireide Uiiiiimel.ihiiltrl (1886: 2d ed. mOO). Der M<icn,i (1800; 3d ed. inOO) ; and the h'rirrjsnoreUen (ISnO; 4th ed. 1002) ; or than siich dramas as Der Trifrls und Palermo (ISSO). Jn the lyrics there is enough marching rhythm. taken with his war record, to win him the title of 'soldier poet.' and there is an especial felicity in his backgrounds of Schleswig scenery and in