LINIMENT. 298 LINLITHGOW. States Plianimcopiuia are the liniments of bella- donna, lantliaiiilcs, cliloiofurni, suhacelate of lead, mustard, and turjientine, or Kentish oint- vieiil. LI'NIN (from Lat. limim, flax). The thread- like achromatic network forming tlie protoplas- mic basis of the plant nucleus. LINK, Hki.nbrii Fkikdhicii (1707-1851). A German botanist, born in Uildesbeim. lie studied medicine and natural science in Gottingen. and in 1702 became professor of chemistiy, zoology, and botany at the University of Rostock. He visited Portugal in 1797 in company with Hoff- manscgg, and in 1811 he became professor of chemistry and botany at Breslau. In 1815 he became "professor of natural history and the director of the Botanical liardcns in Berlin. His works include: Elemeiita I'hilosophkr liotanicce (1824); Das AUertum und der Vcbergang zur neuern, Zcit (1842); Anatomisch-botanische Ab- hilditngcn zur Krliiutcrung der Oruiidlehren dcr Krautcrkunde (1837-42); Ausgeuyiihlte anatom- isch-botanische AhhildiDigcii (18.30-42) ; and ilna- tomie dcr Pflanzen in AbbUdiihgcn (1843-47). LINKAGES (from link, AS. hience, Swfd. lUnk, Xorweg. Irrnk, link; connected with OHG. hlanea, lanca, provincial Eng. Innk. groin, and probably with AS. hhnw. Eng. lank, slim). A system of segments or links pivoted together and capable of moving so as to describe various curves; e.g. 'att's parallel motion (1784) em- ployed in beam engines is a case of a link motion in which the outer extremities of the end links are fixed, and the mid-point of the middle link ap- proximately describes a straight line. Roberts and TehebitchefT improved Watt's instrument by varying the form of the links, but Peaucellier A B (1864) was the first to produce an ideally straight line. His linkage known as Peaucellier'3 cell consists of seven links as shown in the figure. A, B are the fixed point, and P is the tracer which moves in a straight line. This achievement is not only of interest to the mathematician, but of great use to the engineer in .securing parallel motion. Sylvester invented the plagiograph or skew pantagraph. which not only reproduces a drawing to a desired scale, but turns it through any desired angle. Hart's contra-parallelogram and Kempe's angle trisector are other important linkages. Consult Kempe. Hotr to Draw a straight Line (London, 1877). For the mathe- matical theory of linkages, consult "Sur les sys- t^mes de tiges artieulees," in NouveJIes Atmales (187.5, pp. 520.560). LINKOPING, lin'che'ping. .
episcopal
city of Sweden, capital of the Lien of Ostergijt- land, situated on the Stangfl, which here flows into Lake Roxen, 110 miles southwest of Stock- holm (Map; Sweden, G 7). It is regularly built with fine parks and public squares; its cathedral is one of the most beautiful in Sweden. It also possesses one of the largest libraries in the country, and several higher educational in- stitutions. The town manufactures chiefly to- bacco. Population, in 1001, 14,552. Linkiiping has been an im]jiirtant town since the early Alid- die Ages. In 1508 it w'as the scene of the defeat of the Catholic forces of Sigismund of Poland bj' his uncle, later Charles IX. LINLEY, lin'll, Thomas (1732-95). An Eng- lish composer, born at Wells. He studied at first under the celebrated Chileot, organist of the Abbey at Bath, and later at Naples under Para- dies. Upon finishing his studies he settled in Bath, teaching music and giving concerts, at which the principal attraction was the singing of his two daughters. Later lie removed to Londnn in order to conduct oratorios, first in conncctinii with Stanley, then with Dr. Arnold. The suc- cess of Sheridan's The Duenna in 1775 was largely due to the music of Linlej', and the fol- lowing year the two formed a partnership and pur chased an interest in the Drury Lane Theatre. Linley having direction of the musical interests, which position he held for twelve years. Among his compositions, The Carnival of Yenice and Selima and Azor were produced at Druiy Lane, and may be counted his most important works. He was also a well-known composer of ballads and madrigals, the best known being his music for the song in the School for Scandal. His death, which occurred in London, was precipi- tated by grief caused by the drowning of his son, Thomas. LINLEY, WiLLi.wi (1771-1835). An English composer and author, son of Thomas Linley (q.v. ). He was born at Bath, educated at Har- row and Saint Paul's schools, and for several years was in the service of the East India Com- pany at JIadras and Calcutta. He early returned from India and devoted the remainder of his life to literature and music. He pulilislied a number of glees, a set of songs, two sets of canzonets, and many detached pieces, and compiled Dramatic Songs of Shakespeare in two folio volumes, in which are several af his own elegant compositions. He also wrote two novels, and two comic operas, performed at Drury Lane. LINLITHGCW, lin-lith'go. or West Lothi- an. A county in the southeast division of Scot- land, bounded north by the Firth of Forth, and having the counties of Mid-Lothian. Lanark, and Stirling on the east, south, and west, respectively (Map; Scotland, E 4). Its area is 120 square miles, .griculture is in a very advanced state. The minerals are of considerable value, and there are several collieries in profitable operation. There are two royal burghs — Linlithgow, the county town, and Queensferrv. Population, in 1801. '17,8,50; in 1831, .30.100;' in 1901, 65,700. LINLITHGO'W. The capital of Linlithgow Countv, Scotland. 16 miles west of Edinburgh (Map': Scotland. E 4). It is one of the oldest towns in Scotland, and has the parish church of Saint Michael's, a beautiful specimen of late Scottish Gothic, adjoining Linlithgow Palace.- The palace, strikingly situated on an eminence, was a residence of the Scottish monarchs, and the birthplace of Mary, Queen of Scots, and of her father, James V. " The earliest record of its ex-
