Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/338

LINTON. 303 LINZ. Institute of Painters in Water-Color in 1884, when that society was reorganized, and held thin position until 189U. Alter 1878 he worked in oil, and his .suhjeets were mainly genre or his- torieal. Among the latter is "The Marriage of the Duke of Alhany" (1885). LINTON, William James (1812-97). A wood-engraver and author, born in J^ciiidon, De- eeniber 7, 1812. lie learned his art from («. W. Bonner, to whom he was aijprenlieed in 1828. In 1842 he beeame the partner of John Orrin Smith, a distinguished wood-engraver, with whom he was employed on the lUuslralcd Luiidoii A'eic.s. As a young man he was a zealous Charlist, and eontinued through life a staneh defender of re- publicanism and the rights of workmen. For promulgating his ideas he founded, in conjunc- tion with Thornton Hunt and George Henry Lewes, the Leader, a daily (18.50), but gave up his position after a few weeks. The next year he started the IJiiylish Rcimhlic, a monthly maga- zine aiming to e.vplain republican prineii)les. He also contributed articles on social questions to the Xalioii (the Irish patriotic i)aper), the West minster h'ecicu', the Ejcdiiiiiicr, and the Hpeclalor. As a wood-engraver he is liest known, especially for the weekly engravings contributed to the London . f ics and the Musters of W'ood- Enyraving (18110). Among his numerous publi- cations are: VUiribcl and UDicr I'ocins; lives of Thomas Paine and of John (ireenleaf Whittier; Poems and Translations; and Itare Poems of the aixteenlli and iSerenlcenth t'enluries. With R. H. Stoddard, he edited Enylish Verse (1883). In 18.58 Linton married Eliza Lynn, the well- known novelist. She furnished (he letter-press to his plates in The hai.e Coiiiitrii (lSfi4). The marriage proved uncongenial, and Lin- ton came to the United States in 18(i(i, where lie lived during the rest of his life. He died near New Haven, t'onn., December 29, 1897. Con- sult Linton's interesting literary autobiography. Three Seore and Ten Years: lS.iO-90 : Reeollec- iions (London, 1894). LIN TSEH-SU, lin' tsa' soo' ( 1785-18.50). A Chinese high iillicial who attained international notoriety as 'Commissioner Lin.' He was born in the Province of Fu-kien, and until he was seven- teen years old assisted his father as a maker of artificial tlowers. Aided by a wealthy friend, whose daughter he married, lie became a student, suc- cessfully passed the different examinations lead- ing to the doctorate, in 1811 received the degree of Chin-shih, the highest in China, and was made censor. He rose rapidly through various grades of provincial service, and became Governor-Gen- eral of Hu-nan and Hu-jieh in 18.'i7. Here he sup- pressed the opium trallic with such vigor that, in 18.38, he was sent to Canton to deal with the opium situation there. Lin's zeal outran his dis- cretion, and his attitiide toward the foreigners themselves, as well as his arbitrary seizure and destruction of eleven million dollars' worth of opium, and other highhanded acts, led to the so- . called 'Opium War' with Great Britain. In 1839 he became Governor-C.cneral of the two Kwang provinces, bvit as his relations with the British Government representatives became more and more unsatisfactory, the Emperor recalled him to Pe- king in 1841. He was at first transferred to a sub- ordinate position in Sheh-kiang, but in 1843. when the full extent of his bungling at Canton was made more apparent, he was banished to Hi (Kulja), where he was engaged in reclaiming marshes and waste lands in various parts of Sungaria and Eastern Turkestan. At the end of 1845 he was recalled, beeame acting Gov- ernor-General of Shen-kan, Governor of Shan-si in 1840, Governor-General of Vun-kwei in 1847, and on the outbreak of the Taiping rebellion in Kwang-si was made acting Governor of that province. Three years afterwards, while on his way to attack the rebels, he died. A patriot of ability, but lacking in statesmanship, he was op))osed to the o|)ening of the country. Feel- ing the need of a better knowledge of foreigners, he collected much material for a geography of the world. This was given to another hand, also anti-fcu-cign. and in 1844 his great Ueography was published in 50 books. LINUM (Lat, flax). The genus of about seventy-live siJecies of plants eomnion to tem- perate and subtropical regions, of which common llax (Linum usitatissimum) is the most impor- tant species, such other species as are cultivated being esteemed not for their fibre, but for orna- ment. Among these is the perennial lla.x (Linum jjerenne) of the Western States, which attains a height of 18 inches, with tufts of slender stems surmounted by delicate blue flowers. Linum grandi/lorum, a red-llowered annual species, is a common garden plant. Linum Berlandieri is a yellow-llowered species growing in Texas and adjacent regions. LI'NUS, -second Bishop of Rome (69-79?). The Linus to whom Paul sent greetings (II. Tim. iv. 21). Ireuipus {Adv. Baer., iii. 3), in the latter half of the second century, says that "Peter and Paul, wlien they founded and built up the Church of Rome, committed the office of its episcopate to Linus." Eusebius, in the first half of the fourth century, followed by Thcodoret in the fifth. Baronius in the sixteenth, and Tillemont in the seventeenth, states that Linus became Bishop of Rome after the death of Peter. LINUS (Lat., from Gk. AiVos). A personifi- cation of lamentation, called the son of Apollo and a muse or of Amphimarus and Urania. He was the subject of various legends, especially at Argos and Thebes, and is said to have been slain by Apollo for contesting with the god in music. A later Linus was slain by Hercules. He was worshiped near Mount Heli- con with annual sacrifices and dirges (lini). The origin of the name is in doubt. LINZ, lints. The capital of the Crownland of Upper Austria. It is situated in a pleasant district on the right bank of the Danube, which is crossed by an iron bridge, connecting Linz with Urfahr, 117 miles by rail west of Vienna (Map: Austria. D 2). It is a strongly fortified, quiet town with two suburbs, Lustenau and Waldegg. The principal buildings are the cathedral ( 1670), the municipal parish church (1280), the castle, now used as an armory, and a museum, with a library. Linz has a trade in machinery, wagons, leather, beer, and tobacco. It has also a ship- yard, a State tobacco factory employing 1000 hands, and a Chamber of Commerce. The city is well supplied with educational institutions and hospitals, and has a deaf and dumb institute, and a library (38.000 volumes). Steamboats daily ply up the river to Ratisbon, and down to Vi-